Hospitals in Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hospitals in Islam - Essay Example Many hospitals were developed during the Islamic revolution, but it was Caliph Al-Walid I an Ummayad who founded the first hospital in 705 AD in Jundishapur. This was a Persian city in the Ahwaz province although some critics consider this institution was only a place where lepers because it imposed isolation. The physicians and attendants operating the hospital were paid for their services and it was at the hospital that Greek medicine together with Persian medical practices began to thrive. The first Islamic hospital was built in 786-809 AD in Bagdad, Iraq, during the reign of Caliph Harun-ul-Rashid. The task of operating and heading the facility fell to Jibrail Bakhtishu, who was a well-revered physician. During his tenure, the hospital achieved fame and the building of other hospitals soon followed (Doak, 2010, 113). One of the latter hospitals to be built was the Audidi hospital in 982 AD, whose inception was started by Al-Razi who personally selected the building site due to the existence of germs in the area. He wanted a place where there were fewer germs and the hospital soon opened with 24 physicians who included specialists from different fields of medicine. They included physiologists, oculists and surgeons (Bonner, 2007,

Environmental Laws Essay Example for Free

Environmental Laws Essay The constant North South divide over enforcement of international environmental law plagues the operationalisation of many international treaties. Most developing countries are caught in a cleft stick. Whilst understanding the need for environmental action, they also require increasing industrial activity for achieving economic growth and poverty alleviation objectives, activities that entail definite enhancements in greenhouse emission. They are additionally constrained by their lack of resources and do not wish to divert what is available from developmental needs. Many developing countries also suffer from lack of necessary infrastructure and underdeveloped legal and judicial systems to be able to carry out treaty obligations in an organised and systemic manner. (Bell Russell, 2002) Whilst many international agreements are worded to ensure their legal binding on signatory nations, these treaties do not become enforceable within a country until their enactment into domestic law is complete. Australia, for example, has signed on the Montreal Protocol and the World Heritage Convention and carried out appropriate domestic legislation. Apart from taking these legislative measures, the nation has enacted several laws for environmental regulation. (Lyster, 2004) The Environment protection and Biodiversity Act, 1999, is a key legislation that gives effect to the country’s international law obligations. Numerous other enactments like the amended Fisheries Management Act, 1991, The Maritime Legislation Amendment (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act, 2006, the Protection of the Sea (Harmful Anti-fouling Systems) Act 2006 also work towards enhancing environmental protection and bringing the domestic legal system in line with its international treaty obligations. (Australian Legal Information Institute, 2007) Domestic enactment of new laws, (as well as amendment of existing laws) is necessary because it makes the country’s commitment towards international environmental laws concrete and their provisions enforceable. In the absence of specific domestic legislation little action can be taken against environmental offenders and controlling environmental degradation becomes well nigh impossible. Compared to the Australian approach, which involves legal enactment and resolute enforcement of international law obligations, the actions adopted by a developing country like Bangladesh appear to be significantly inadequate. The country, (which became independent only in 1971), drafted a broad ranging environmental policy in 1991 but is still to enact any of its major features into law even though sixteen years have passed since. Factors like internal strife, lack of developed legal systems, and scarce resources, have prevented the country from moving forward on environmental action. Whilst economies like India and South Africa have been able to make significant progress on the environmental front, many developing countries in Africa, Asia and South America share Bangladesh’s problems and are thus unable or unwilling to abide by international environmental law obligations. (Mastny French, 2002) 3. Conclusion The inherent weaknesses in rules of international diplomacy render many environmental treaties practically pointless. Seeing the abject non implementation of most environmental treaties by developing nations, international organisations are seeking new ways to toughen these agreements. While most such laws impose few penalties, peer pressure is emerging as a potent tool for this purpose. Some treaties also ask nations to report on the progress of promises made at the time of agreement. Beyond persuasion and embarrassment, trade incentives also help in securing compliance. Members of the Montreal Protocol, for example, are forbidden to purchase CFCs or products containing them from nations that have not agreed to the treaty, a condition that has led many nations to join the treaty and take action to reduce ozone depletion. (Bell Russell, 2002) International agencies, sympathetic nations and NGOs can encourage soft laws through funding decisions and public campaigns. Soft laws tend to establish certain expectations-or create an international mindset-that can then form the basis for more permanent agreements. A large part of the inability of developing nations to act on accord occurs because of their poverty and constrained resources. Redressing this imbalance will depend largely on providing financial and technical assistance to developing nations-and ensuring that funds are well spent. References ASEAN Ministers Okay Agreement on Environmental Laws. (2006, November 12). Manila Bulletin, p. NA. Australian Legal Information Institute, 2007, Retrieved September 25, 2007 from www. austlii. edu. au Barrett, S. (2005). Environment and Statecraft: The Strategy of Environmental Treaty-Making. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Restraint Essay -- essays research papers

Restraint   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Restraint is a major idea in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Restraint constantly influences the decisions people make. Kurtz’s lack of restraint kills him, while Marlow’s restraint saves and prevents him from becoming like Kurtz. Kurtz is a man who â€Å"[kicks] himself loose of the earth† (Conrad, 61). He does not have allegiance to anyone except to himself. Kurtz’s absence of restraint exists because he holds a lusty power in an un-civilized country. Restraint is affected by three factors; power, lust, and his surroundings. Kurtz’s display of restraint is a prime example that exemplifies the affect of these three factors on restraint.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurtz was not always the power hungry man portrayed in Conrad’s book. According to his Intended, Kurtz was an admired man who had a â€Å"generous heart† and a â€Å"noble mind† (Conrad, 70). However, after his expedition into Africa, he became a changed man; an â€Å"insoluble problem† (Conrad, 50). The new Kurtz â€Å"[kicks] the very earth to pieces† (Conrad, 61). â€Å"Let us say – nerves, [go] wrong, and [causes] him to preside at certain midnight dances ending with unspeakable rites† (Conrad, 45). He has dropped all sense and morality and continues to live on according to his various lusts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurtz originally goes to Africa in order to earn a living by collecting ivory. His massive compilation of ivory exceeds those of the other men put together. Although the areas...

athletic director :: essays research papers

PEOPLE come first, are treated with dignity and respect, and are encouraged to achieve their full potential; RELATIONSHIPS are built on honesty, integrity and trust; DIVERSITY of people and thought is respected; EXCELLENCE is achieved through teamwork, leadership, creativity, and a strong work ethic; EFFICIENCY is achieved through wise use of human and financial resources; and COMMITMENT to intellectual achievement is embraced. Function of Position Responsible to the University President for the overall administration and management of the university intercollegiate athletics program; and performing other related duties as assigned. Essential Functions Submits recommendations and supporting documentation to the President, Athletic Advisory Committee, and Tennessee Board of Regents as necessary to make decisions regarding goals, academics, capital expansion, staffing, budget appropriations, and other aspects of intercollegiate athletics; implements and communicates directives, including maintenance and control. Establishes policies and procedures to ensure compliance with National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), conference, and university rules and regulations. Represents the university as its primary spokesperson for the intercollegiate athletics program; oversees public relations with faculty, staff, students, alumni, sports media, and the general public; works with the Assistant Athletic Director for External Relations and the Director for Media Relations to develop and implement public relations policies and objectives. Accepts public speaking engagements to promulgate department philosophies and objectives. Coordinates and supervises men=s basketball, golf, baseball, men=s and women=s tennis programs working directly with the Head Coach; supervises the administration of all other varsity programs through the Associate Athletic Director for Internal Operations. Oversees all internal financial and administrative operations through the Manager of Athletic Business and Ticket Operations; promulgates budget guidelines and approves final submission for each area; monitors conformance to established budget. Develops long term plans to determine need for and feasibility of constructing or upgrading athletic facilities. Coordinates scheduling for sports events involving conference participation of revenue contracts. Negotiates and administers contracts concerning radio and television (network and cable) coverage of athletic events; serves as the university=s primary public relations liaison for intercollegiate sports. Represents the department on a conference and national level; serves as an ex officio member of the Athletics Advisory Committee; ensures that coaching and administrative staff actively support the department and university=s joint commitment to academic achievement, which entails helping each student athlete make normal progress in completing his/her degree and to graduate within a five year period; serves on university and other committees that involve intercollegiate athletics. Supervises fund development through the Executive Director for Athletic Advancement; may personally secure gifts or establish endowment funds by cultivating the interest of corporations, individuals, foundations, or associations.

And the Earth Did not Devour Him by Tomas Rivera

As a nation of immigrants, American history cannot be written exclusively in a single perspective particularly of the dominant ethnic group. A comprehensive depiction of our history requires the inclusion and accommodation of the experience of every member of modern American society.Tomas Rivera’s â€Å"And the earth did not devour him†, is a literary piece that provides an supplemental presentation of the US history in the perspective a beleaguered group of Mexican farmers albeit obliquely creating the impression that the US government and its business capitalist partners are the oppressors.The story was set sometime between the 1940’s and 1950’s during which many Mexicans came to the US to work as farmers under the Bracero (manual labor) Program.This program which was instituted by both the Mexican and US government to cover the need for workers lost during the previous world wars, became a channel for the exploitation and social discrimination of the te mporary manpower imported from Mexico instead of providing for the fair treatment of Mexicans workers in the US.   Many transient Mexican workers (braceros) illegally entered the US instead of returning to Mexico after the expiration of their work contracts.This prompted the US government to deport over 3 million Mexican migrants without proper regard to their individual rights, without effectively differentiating legal   and illegal migrants and without due consideration to the disintegration of family relations.  In a series of different stories often with unnamed characters, Tomas Rivera’s novel generally captures the struggles and challenges in the lives of Latino migrant workers in their employment in America.The Struggle of the Mexican AmericanMexico leads in the Latino immigration to the U.S. The sharp rise of illegal immigrants from Mexico especially with the Braceros program created political tensions between the US and Mexico. History would almost always recou nt the illegal immigration of Mexican farmers by reporting the series of steps used by the US government in combating illegal immigration.For example, aside from the massive deportation of illegal Mexican immigrants (i.e. Operation Wetback) initiated by the Eisenhower administration, the US government instigated a U.S.-Mexico free trade agreement with the objective of generating jobs in Mexico in order to prevent, discourage and decrease the pour of Mexican workers illegally entering the US soil.Strict laws that called for tighter restrictions on legal and illegal immigration to regulate the U.S.-Mexico border were implemented.Later on, many American states adopted the English only policy which delegates English as the exclusive official language. The standardization of language was accordingly intended to warrant the integration of Mexican immigrants in the American community. (Stacy, p 609-613)This example of historical account along with similar and related events tends to reduce the incidence of immigrant farm workers in the United States in American history as a mere issue of illegal immigration without due consideration and recognition to the unique experience and socio-political circumstances of Mexican migrant workers in South Texas.By recording the lives and recounting the traditional trails of an immigrant population, the novel produces in an artistic yet authentic literary piece the spiritual history of a people thereby providing them a distinct cultural voice.In light of their family’s struggle to become part of America,   Ã‚  the protagonist in the novel undergoes intimate and spiritual moments of resolving one's identity, family and society beyond the sheer politics of defying the dominant culture. In one instance, he even questioned God‘s wisdom in their plight.â€Å"God could not care less about the poor. Tell me, why must we live here like this? What have we done to deserve this? You’re so good and yet you have to suffer so much† (Rivera, p 189)The stories in the novel practically served to support and confirmed the hardships and brutalities that the immigrant Mexican farmers faced at work. In the story, â€Å"That It Hurts†, one boy was expelled from school because he was Mexican.In another terrifying story, â€Å"The Children Couldn't Wait†, a boy was killed because he couldn’t comply with the boss’s insistence that the workers should wait to drink water, a privilege freely endowed to cattle but not to the Mexican workers.   The farmers bear long hours of intense work, modest food and deficient accommodations in their camps for a meager pay.The children needed to join their parents in working in the fields to improve family earnings at the expense of not being able to attend school.   Ã‚  Younger children incapable to work were left to fend for themselves which made them vulnerable to poor health conditions and other environmental risks.While the predicament of the Mexican migrant workers is comparable to the slavery of the blacks earlier on in the history of America, the novel depicts a young man’s struggle for self identification which ended with a reaffirmation of his bicultural predisposition as well as his patrimony and allegiance with America. The novel did not necessarily represent resentment against the Anglo culture and resistance.Thus, people should reconsider the maltreatment of immigrant workers and the discrimination of ethnic minorities in general. For instance, the novel did not directly criticize the Anglo culture but only uses it for comparative discussion of differences aimed to create a sense of pride and community among the oppressed Mexicans.In the anecdote entitled â€Å"The Night before Christmas†, the Mexican mother tells her children that, â€Å"In Mexico, it’s not Santa clause who bring the gifts, but the three wise men. And they don’t come in the sixth of January, that’s the real date†.(Rivera, p130) In this example, the novel is not directly criticizing American culture but is   surreptitiously protesting against a social imposition of the dominant culture that utterly disregards the religious beliefs of Mexicans.

Free Essays on Deterrence

By Gerard Chretien Deterrence is a theory of International relations based in Realism. Essentially, it tries to explain the situation of when two or more states threaten retaliation if attacked, in order to deter the attack. It is therefore possible to very simply state deterrence as "You hit me, I hit you." For this essay, two main questions have to be addressed, ‘Has it worked?’ and ‘Does it make sense?’ To answer these questions, I will firstly define what deterrence is, I will then examine some of the main arguments for and against it, in theory and in reality; finally, I will show some of the consequences of states following such a policy. Deterrence, as already stated, can concern itself with any form of threatened counter-attack, however, for this essay, I shall be concentrating on Nuclear deterrence, using examples from the cold war, therefore, when the word ‘deterrence’ is used, it should be taken as ‘nuclear deterrence’. Hedley Bull describe s deterrence as follows: "To say that country A deters country B from doing something is to imply the following: (i) That Country A conveys to Country B a threat to inflict punishment or deprivation of values if it embarks on a certain course of action; (ii) That Country B might otherwise embark on that course of action; (iii) That Country B believes that Country A has the capacity and the will to carry out the threat, and decides for this reason that the course of action is not worthwhile." Therefore, for deterrence to occur, a state must convey a message to another state, usually "these will be the public an authoritative utterances of government officials." Secondly, to use Hedley Bulls’ language, country B would consider following a course of action which Country A does not wish and does not because of the threat - not because it has no interest to. Thirdly, Country A must be able to convince Country B that it is capable of carrying out its deterrence threat and i... Free Essays on Deterrence Free Essays on Deterrence By Gerard Chretien Deterrence is a theory of International relations based in Realism. Essentially, it tries to explain the situation of when two or more states threaten retaliation if attacked, in order to deter the attack. It is therefore possible to very simply state deterrence as "You hit me, I hit you." For this essay, two main questions have to be addressed, ‘Has it worked?’ and ‘Does it make sense?’ To answer these questions, I will firstly define what deterrence is, I will then examine some of the main arguments for and against it, in theory and in reality; finally, I will show some of the consequences of states following such a policy. Deterrence, as already stated, can concern itself with any form of threatened counter-attack, however, for this essay, I shall be concentrating on Nuclear deterrence, using examples from the cold war, therefore, when the word ‘deterrence’ is used, it should be taken as ‘nuclear deterrence’. Hedley Bull describe s deterrence as follows: "To say that country A deters country B from doing something is to imply the following: (i) That Country A conveys to Country B a threat to inflict punishment or deprivation of values if it embarks on a certain course of action; (ii) That Country B might otherwise embark on that course of action; (iii) That Country B believes that Country A has the capacity and the will to carry out the threat, and decides for this reason that the course of action is not worthwhile." Therefore, for deterrence to occur, a state must convey a message to another state, usually "these will be the public an authoritative utterances of government officials." Secondly, to use Hedley Bulls’ language, country B would consider following a course of action which Country A does not wish and does not because of the threat - not because it has no interest to. Thirdly, Country A must be able to convince Country B that it is capable of carrying out its deterrence threat and i...

South Korea †A Role Model For The Developing Nation

South Korea – A Role Model For The Developing Nation Free Online Research Papers South Korea A Role Model For The Developing Nation During the 1988 Seoul Olympics, visitors from worldwide had the opportunity to witness the prosperous and modernized Seoul city. Hardly for anyone can imagine that thirty-five years ago Seoul was just a place with ashes and rubbles. For all South Koreans, the transformation from post war ruined land to a well-developed nation was considered their national pride. During the 30 years recovery span, the Gross National Product (GNP) raised from $100 in 1960 to astonishing $2800 in 1987 (Eckert). Also, the per capita income had increased from $700 in 1976 to $1624 in just three years (Eckert). Many economists and scholars were very surprised by such achievement as they considered such transformation as â€Å"The Miracle on the Han River†. As of today, many developing countries began to view South Korea as their role model: â€Å"Korea is now regarded as an economic model to be emulated by other nations†. (Steinberg 124) However, such tremendous achievement would never happened without president Park Chung Hee’s establishment of a solid government guidance system, precise foreign policy decision and efficient use of compare advantages of the country. His thinking and ideological approach were very similar to the Japanese colonial government in Korea. As of today, although many Koreans disagree with President Park’s dictatorship, however, his contribution in modeling the strong Korean economy had always been admired. Thus, he was addressed as the â€Å"father of Korean economy.† On May 16, 1961, when general Park’s overthrown the new popular elected government. By the time he assumed the power, the United States government was uncertain what had taken place in South Korea. There were suspicions that South Korea might have fallen to a crypto-communist. After his succession overthrown the previous government, Park took his first step in building a solid network to control his people by established a military style supervision system [Guide Capitalism]. He appointed retired military staff to serve as local government leaders thus his command will be carried from top officials from the central government to the local officials in every single township. After consolidate his central power, Park also began to introduce his new economic development. He established three powerful agencies to support his development plans: The Economic Planning Board (EPB), The Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI), and The Ministry of Finance (MoF). His development pla n began with obtaining control of the enterprises across the nation. The government persecuted business leaders who were profiting from the corruption in the South Korean government. Twenty-four leading businessman were arrested. The leader of Samsung, Lee Byung Chull avoided the persecution because he was out of the country at the time. After Lee returned to Korea he met with Park and agree to follow Park’s economic developing program. Lee and other business leaders ended up with paying fines to keep their businesses. After obtained control of large enterprises, Park began to ensure his government’s dominance of financial sectors by nationalized all the banks from South Korea. The government was able to supervise the transaction flow from every bank in the country and it has the authority to set the interest rates. The government even had power to intervene all commercial loans induced from foreign banks. Park then established the Office of National Tax Admin istration (ONTA). This is an agency to insure that the flow of expenditures and profits distribute to the approved sectors. The agency also had the authority to shut a business down if such firm violated the official guidelines and regulations. Park also established the fourth agency, Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), which is responsible when discovered any worker, began to demonstrate his/her suspicion towards the labour law he/she will be putdown by the police and other security forces. Park’s thinking and ideological orientation was decidedly Stalinist. However his predilection for central planning and autocratic control probably came from his experiences in the Japanese army. The Japanese army had no sympathy for notions of free markets and in Manchukuo undertook a Stalinist-style development program. Park’s style of governance emphasised on military control that can be traced from the Japanese colonial period where Japanese colonial government also relied on its military power to govern Koreans. When the Japanese occupation began in 1904, Japanese government have stationed troops in Korea. These troops served as peacekeeper in Korea and as punisher to ensure Koreans would follow instructions given by the Japanese colonial government. Similar to president Park’s centralized banking system, the government took full control of the Korean currency and introduced Japanese banking into Korea to protect the Japanese enterprises to invest in Korea. They established the Oriental Development Company (ODC) to sell low interest loads to the Japan businesses in Korea to help these companies to grow. The colonial government also took away the military, imperial and untitled land in Korea and distribute them to the Japanese enterprises in Korea (total of 380,926 acres). In o rder to ensure the tax revenue, the Japanese took land survey and established property fixed taxes. In addition, similar to Park’s military government, the colonial government established also had its police system (Seirei) to govern Koreans. Seirei’s responsibility included regulating local court, ensure the operation of tax system and provide surveillance of communities. The idea of Park’s military surveillant government, centralized financial and commercial sectors are very similar to the plans that Japanese colonial government implemented. The establishment of foreign relation played a very significant role during President Park’s regime: â€Å"The influence of foreign powers in shaping the country’s economy has been extraordinary. Korea’s crucial geopolitical position at the crossroads of northeast Asia has brought the peninsula into intimate and sustained contract with the two most dynamic and expansive economies of the twentieth century, Japan and the United States†. (Eckert 389) Over the years, there had been continues debate related to the co-operation between South Korea-U.S-Japan. Many Koreans claim that the Korean economy can still maintain a stable growth even without outside assistance. However, it is obvious that President Park’s export strategy had indeed became a boost for the Korean economy. Since the Korean War ended in 1953, the Korean peninsula suffered the humongous damage that cast by the war. Since then, because of the help from the U.S, which provided large amount of economic assistance, the First republic was able to rebuild. Between 1946 and 1976, the U.S supplied a total of $12.6 billion economic and military assistance to Korea (Eckert). Also, the U.S government had financed about 70% of South Korea’s imports and 80% of fixed capital in transportation, manufacturing and electric power (Eckert). It also helped with the growth of textile industry that in the 1950’s the average growth of textile industry reached to 24% per year (Eckert). During the second republic, the U.S government also provided significant help to Park’s government. For example, it helped to establish the Korea Development Institute (KDI) and Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) in order to provide trainings to Korean economic and industrial technocrats. In addition, the U.S AID Mission in South Korea had also taken a role in tutoring president Park in economics and served as his economic advisor at that time. The most important is that U.S military led Koreans to participate in the Vietnam War and brought to the Koreans with unexpected economic bonanza. During the war, Korean military have received a huge amount of foreign exchange (estimate $660 million to $926 million) from U.S compensation to participate in the war, which accounted for 20% of foreign exchange and 4.4% of GNP in 1970 (Eckert). Not only the military had benefit by the war, business sectors also received huge revenue during the war. For example, the private businesses (Chaebols) such as the founder of Hanjin Cho Chung-Hun, who set up a land and marine transport company in South Vietnam. His company assumed the responsibility of the operation from U.S army and received huge amount of profit from the service. Similarly, another chaebol Hyundai, was able to benefit though the Vietnam War by serving as a major contractor for the U.S army in South Vietnam. The company later was able to grow and expand their international construction business in Middle East countries. Between 1974 and 1979, the top ten chaebols were able to earn estimated revenue of $22 billion (Eckert). Such â€Å"construction export† had also benefit the Korean government where the foreign reserved had grown from $2,961 million into $4,937 million between 1976 and 1978 (Eckert). On the other hand, Japan had also played a significant role in the economic growth during Park’s era. In 1965, President Park established the c ontroversial normalization relationship with Japanese government. Japanese brought in a total of $1.4 billion investment over ten years which accounted for more than half of the total foreign investment in Korea (Eckert). President Park’s efficient use of comparative advantage of the nation was another important factor for the rise of the South Korean economy. In the beginning of 1960’s, president Park began with a series of five years plans for his re-construction plan. He began with focusing on the light industry for the first and second five years plans. Park chose his investments priority into industries that had short capital turnover and require manpower instead of heavy machinery. This is because he understands that Korea had great comparative advantage in labour force but has fairly short capital and poor technology. Then, during the early 1970’s, Park’s government witnessed the U.S force retreat from the Korean peninsula and he also noticed that the relationship between United States and People’s Republic of China had been vastly improved. Park’s government felt the urgency to develop their own self-reliant military support thus he began to his Heavy and Chemical Industry (HCI) plan. â€Å"Park government felt that it could no longer rely completely on the United States for its supply of sophisticated arms for its defence. It also believed that if it could manufacture arms, it could also export them.† (Steinberg 136) In order to achieve the industrialization in South Korea, Park began to invest extensive funds to develop heavy, chemical and defence industry such as production of steel, machinery, automobile, electronic, and shipbuilding. As a result, the outputs of heavy chemical industry have changed from 28.6% of total production in 1962 into 56.8% in 1986 (Eckert). Such dramatic change provided a clear path for Korea marching towards a semi-advanced nation. On the other hand, the Japanese colonial government also took advantage of Korean labour force during their occupation in Korea. The Meiji restoration had not only re-shaped the Japanese political structure but also helped with the development of economy. The average income in Japan increased and Japanese enterprises began to seek for cheaper labour elsewhere. These enterprises then began to recruit cheap labours from Korea to work in Japan. Also, during the occupation period, the rice production in Korea was also relatively cheaper than Japan. The Japanese colonial government thus recruited a large amount of tenants to participate in rice production and ship these rice back to Japan. â€Å"It was thus Japanese colonialism that ultimately laid the foundations for a modern transformation of the economy. To appreciate how far reaching they were, one need only compare photographs of Seoul in the late Choson period with similar photographs taken in the mid-1930’s†. (Eckert 190) In conclusion, the result of Korean economy transform was astonishing. The total export increased from less than $30 million in 1960 into huge $47,280 million in 1987 (Eckert); and $41, 020 million import accounted in 1987, which occupied 75% of the GNP (Eckert). Also, the total employment rate climbed from 30.6% in 1964 to 52.4% in 1985 (Eckert). These numbers provided a strong evidence of how successful Korean economy has transformed under President Park Chung Hee’s era. Meanwhile, his strategies can also be traced from the Japanese colonial period. As of today, Korea became a role model for many developing countries from the Third world. President Park Chung Hee indeed was a nation hero who changed the South Korea from devastation to a prosperous nation after the Korean War. As it states in the World Bank Report: â€Å" [Park] has transformed (South) Korea from one of the poorest developing countries, which heavily dependence on agriculture and a weak balance of payments financial almost entirely by foreign grates, to a semi-industrialized middle income nation with an increasingly strong external payment position and the prospect of eliminating the current account deficit in the next 5-10 years† (Koh 34) Work Cited Eckert, Lee, Lew, Robinson, Wagner, Korea Old and New: A History, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1990 Gills B.K Korea Versus Korea: A Case of Contested Legitimacy, Routledge, New York, London 1996 Koh, B.C The Foreign Policy Systems of North and South Korea, University of California Press, Berkeley, L.A, London ,1984 Peattie, Mark R. Japanese Attitudes Toward Colonialism 1895-1945 (Essay), Steinberg, David I. The Republic of Korea: Economic and Social Change, Western Press, Boulder and London, 1989 A Comparative Study of South and North Korea, National Unification Board, Seoul, Korea, 1988 A Handbook of Korea, The Korean Overseas Culture and Information Service, Seoul, Korea Research Papers on South Korea - A Role Model For The Developing NationBringing Democracy to AfricaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceDefinition of Export Quotas19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Analysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

The Destruction of Utopian Ideals (Animal Farm, by Orwell) essays

The Destruction of Utopian Ideals (Animal Farm, by Orwell) essays George Orwells book, Animal Farm, is a scathing satire on the failure of the Russian communist revolution to free the Russian people and establish an egalitarian society. The characters in this revolution are represented by a variety of animals whose society is an animal farm. The animals have some serious grievances against their tyrannical human bosses and stage a rebellion to free themselves of oppression and to create a utopian society based on the philosophy of Old Major, a boar respected among the animals. Ironically, the leaders of the rebellion, the pigs, seize power and become even more tyrannical oppressors than the original human bosses. Old Majors doctrine of Animalism, a philosophy that stresses equality and fair treatment of all animals, is distorted and ultimately destroyed by propaganda, lies, and the corruption of power. The most ruthless and power-hungry of the pigs, Napoleon, establishes a dictatorship making new policies which are in direct opposition to the original ideals of Old Major. Old Majors doctrine of Animalism is written as seven commandments by which the animals should conduct their lives. The Seven Commandments are eliminated, and in their place is put one commandment which states that, All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others (133). Napoleon is now making all of the decisions on the farm, and when the slightest disagreement is uttered from the mouth of another animal, the animal is ruthlessly punished. The power structure of Animal Farm under Napoleons dictatorship becomes a mockery of Old Majors belief of equality among the animals. Old Majors ideals of equality among the animals is distorted and destroyed by Napoleons use of intimidation and fear against the other animals. One afternoon, when Napoleon has ordered the animals to assemble in the yard, a group of animals is being forced, by means of Napoleons do...

Significance of Imperialism in the period before 1914 Essay

Significance of Imperialism in the period before 1914 - Essay Example lism refers to the subjugation of states and societies of the Africa, Pacific, and Asia by European great powers during the 19th and the 20th century (Wait, 2003). Many of the Westerners believed that Europe had to civilize their brothers beyond the seas. It was as a moral obligation to civilize the uncivilized. Therefore, the Missionaries ended up supporting colonization believing that European control would be helpful in spreading Christianity to the colonies (Rosenthal & RodicÃŒ , 2015). The spread of Christianity had both positively and negatively influence on the world. On a positive note, the spread of Christianity opened up the rest of the colonies and enabled the advancement of formal education and the civilization of the regions. Christianity ultimately led to the development and growth of the colonies. On a wider scope, the spread of Christianity also contributed to an end to the slave trade in the Pacific Ocean (Rosenthal & RodicÃŒ , 2015). On the other hand, the spread of Christianity impacted negatively as it was one of the key sources of first World War. The imperialist nations scrambled and grabbed colonies in the name of spreading the â€Å"Good News’ and Evangelism contributing to tensions amongst them. The result of such tensed relationship led to the formation of blocks that fueled the occurrence of World War I (Rosenthal & RodicÃŒ , 2015). The expansion course traced back to the Iberian voyage of the discovery of the fifteenth century. By 1900, the British had a colony on 400 million subjects as well as the quarter of the globe. The French had a possession of six million square miles and fifty-two million people. Germany had acquired six million square miles and had fifteen million people under its authority (Bönker, 2012). The primary aim for the scramble was for economic advancement, which ultimately led to capitalism. Powerful European nations acquired colonies that had abundant resources. Minerals such as gold and other

CRIMINAL EVIDENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CRIMINAL EVIDENCE - Essay Example It is considered as the most imperative magnitude to judge and assess the validity and authenticity of an incident, an offence or a felony. The statutes of law are devised and implemented to control crimes by announcing penalty and punishment to the culprit as well as protecting the life, honour, possessions and rights of the innocent citizens. Since no law declares an accused as offender without having sound proof of his offence; and evidence is the only technique to prove or disapprove any fact the truth of which is submitted to judicial investigation. Hence, evidence is the tool, which attests the validity of the offence. Evidence includes: Q 1: In an offence like theft, stealing and burglary, no one is the eyewitness of the felony. Same is the situation in the case under study, where Edna is eyewitness of the presence of a person in her bedroom, where the burglary had been committed at Edna’s house on the night of 21 December. Edna blames Alan as the culprit on the following grounds: The man committing burglary in Edna’s bedroom has the same scar mark as Alan’s. In addition, the person has also left an ear print on window, which looks like the ear print of Alan; it is therefore he has been accused as the same offender, who committed burglary in Edna’s house. The law of evidence allows eyewitness [es] present both oral and documentary evidence. The oral statement made by Edna does not carry weight because she is unable to provide a detailed description of the burglar. Moreover, since she has presented documentary evidence, where only one scar mark describes the identity of the accused. The provisions of the law of Evidence allow an accused to make necessary changes in his appearance. In its words: Hence, provisions of Evidence Law allocate Edna the position of both complainant and the witness of the presence of the offender in her bedroom during the procedure. In the light of the points above-mentioned, Law of Evidence declares her

International Business Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Business Economics - Essay Example Thus, economic growth can be measured in nominal terms by taking into concern the factors like inflation and other economic indicators (Barro & Sala-i-Martin, 2004). Economic growth is usually calculated in real terms to eliminate the changing effect of inflation on the price of total goods produced. Whenever, one examines the modern economy and traditional development, the process of growth in an economy can also be identified at large. Identifiably, traditional economists have attempted to develop certain theories based on which the economic growth can be examined. This can be substantiated with reference to the fact that without the support of agriculture, industrialisation economic revolution cannot be made possible. The percent rate of increase in real Gross Domestic Product or GDP is measured as economic growth. The growth ratio of GDP is therefore called as per capita income. GDP growth indicates the increase rate in inputs such as capital, population or territory, which is known as extensive growth. On the other hand, an increase in growth caused by more efficient use of inputs is referred as intensive growth (Tahvonen, 2000). Based on the study of economics, one of the issues relating to international business economics i.e. â€Å"Economic Growth† typically refers to the growth of probable outputs like production at full employment in every field. Economic growth is generally eminent from the development in the sphere of economics. Meanwhile, economic growth is measured as the annual percent of GDP. Justifiably, GDP measures the market economy, which tends to exaggerate growth during the change from farming economy to household production. It is worth mentioning that the study of macro economics has a strong interrelation with economic growth, as it is fundamentally based on growth of agriculture and industrial production among others (Barro & Sala-i-Martin,

Domestic Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Domestic Violence - Essay Example Domestic violence has ruined the peace of the society. More and more people are falling into depression and anxiety with the grief of a lost or killed child, parent, sibling or spouse. Ethical dilemma to domestic violence: The ethical dilemma to domestic violence can be understood with the help of an exemplary case study. Let’s suppose that a woman who mothers three children gets hurt by her husband. She approaches a counselor who has newly started his career. The woman tells the counselor that she is physically abused by her husband. The counselor advises the woman to seek divorce and take her kids with her away from the husband. But the woman can not do that as she is afraid her husband would find and kill her along with her children if she attempts escape. In such a case, the counselor feels too inexperienced to give an informed suggestion. If he tells the authorities about this, his competence as a counselor would be suspected. If he gives a decision as he considers approp riate, this might take away four lives. Thus, the counselor is put into ethical dilemma because of the domestic violence experienced by his client. Likewise, several other points can be made from the same case study. Some common forms of abuses in domestic violence: Some of the most common forms of abuses people experience in the domestic violence are physical abuse, sexual abuse, social and emotional abuse, isolation, intimidation, discrimination, racism, threat and neglect. Each of these can be further divided into many forms of violence like punching, hitting, pulling, pushing, restraining, kicking and even hugging. Potential consequences of domestic violence: Consequences of domestic violence are very alarming. It causes homelessness. In order to escape interaction with the dangerous people, people put themselves into social exclusion. Many women who are offered physical, sexual, emotional or verbal abuse by their husbands take divorce get separated from them. This not only dist orts the whole family setup but also ruins the future of the children. Dysfunctional families, broken homes, depression, social exclusion and suicide are some of the potential consequences of domestic violence (Schweitzer, 2011). My stance on domestic violence and the basis for that: I hate domestic violence. I believe that domestic violence ruins the whole society by distorting the family system. I believe that in order to make a healthy society, people need to live in a strong family system. Almost all religions require their followers to live in nuclear family system. In a nuclear family system, everybody has well defined roles and responsibilities. A father earns bread for the family, while a mother nurtures the children. The children are perfectly brought up with the mutual efforts of both the mother and the father. The broken families harm the psychology of the children along with the separating partners, and they are not able to play a constructive role in the society. Applic ations that can be made to me professionally as a member of the Criminal Justice System: As a member of the Criminal Justice System, I can receive applications to make rational decisions and formulate policies that would address the individualistic concerns of the victims. â€Å"Professionals in criminal justice are called upon to enforce laws and also to implement policies. Policies can be formal or informal.† (Pollock, 2010, p. 154). Formal policies are formulated by the government’

Should We lease or buy a car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Should We lease or buy a car - Essay Example The total costs incurred in the three options analyzed form the basis of the choice preferred. As can be seen from the analysis, the buying option based on the chosen parameters and values is better considering especially if a higher deposit is given. It is recommended that one buys the car by paying a higher deposit amount. Should we lease or buy a car? This is the managerial question that the company seeks to answer. Buying or leasing is a very familiar question in the present age. In the United States, leasing accounted for close to 42 percent of the total new cars purchased in 2000. It is important to note that the number is increasing at a considerable rate. It is estimated that more cars that are new will be leased in the future. Leasing is defined as the process renting for a particular period or amount of time. As a result, the individual pays only a portion of the item value and not its total value. Majority of the automobiles are leased and the lease generally lasts for 2 to 5 years. The individual or the organization puts up the initial security deposit and it is generally a one to two months advance lease expense (Royale Management Services, 2001). There are several benefits of buying or leasing a car. Benefits to buying include lack of restrictions as to how many miles per year the car can be driven, the car can be sold because it has some residual value, and the absence of insurance issues linked to premature termination. Other benefits include that the car be treated in any way the individual or the company wishes this were because there are no turn-in issues associated with the residual value. If an investment type loan like home equity is utilized to finance the purchase of the car, the interest charges can be deducted on the individual’s or the company’s tax return (Royale Management Services, 2001). Benefits to leasing

Domestic Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Domestic Violence - Essay Example Domestic violence has ruined the peace of the society. More and more people are falling into depression and anxiety with the grief of a lost or killed child, parent, sibling or spouse. Ethical dilemma to domestic violence: The ethical dilemma to domestic violence can be understood with the help of an exemplary case study. Let’s suppose that a woman who mothers three children gets hurt by her husband. She approaches a counselor who has newly started his career. The woman tells the counselor that she is physically abused by her husband. The counselor advises the woman to seek divorce and take her kids with her away from the husband. But the woman can not do that as she is afraid her husband would find and kill her along with her children if she attempts escape. In such a case, the counselor feels too inexperienced to give an informed suggestion. If he tells the authorities about this, his competence as a counselor would be suspected. If he gives a decision as he considers approp riate, this might take away four lives. Thus, the counselor is put into ethical dilemma because of the domestic violence experienced by his client. Likewise, several other points can be made from the same case study. Some common forms of abuses in domestic violence: Some of the most common forms of abuses people experience in the domestic violence are physical abuse, sexual abuse, social and emotional abuse, isolation, intimidation, discrimination, racism, threat and neglect. Each of these can be further divided into many forms of violence like punching, hitting, pulling, pushing, restraining, kicking and even hugging. Potential consequences of domestic violence: Consequences of domestic violence are very alarming. It causes homelessness. In order to escape interaction with the dangerous people, people put themselves into social exclusion. Many women who are offered physical, sexual, emotional or verbal abuse by their husbands take divorce get separated from them. This not only dist orts the whole family setup but also ruins the future of the children. Dysfunctional families, broken homes, depression, social exclusion and suicide are some of the potential consequences of domestic violence (Schweitzer, 2011). My stance on domestic violence and the basis for that: I hate domestic violence. I believe that domestic violence ruins the whole society by distorting the family system. I believe that in order to make a healthy society, people need to live in a strong family system. Almost all religions require their followers to live in nuclear family system. In a nuclear family system, everybody has well defined roles and responsibilities. A father earns bread for the family, while a mother nurtures the children. The children are perfectly brought up with the mutual efforts of both the mother and the father. The broken families harm the psychology of the children along with the separating partners, and they are not able to play a constructive role in the society. Applic ations that can be made to me professionally as a member of the Criminal Justice System: As a member of the Criminal Justice System, I can receive applications to make rational decisions and formulate policies that would address the individualistic concerns of the victims. â€Å"Professionals in criminal justice are called upon to enforce laws and also to implement policies. Policies can be formal or informal.† (Pollock, 2010, p. 154). Formal policies are formulated by the government’

Hormones and the Stressed Brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hormones and the Stressed Brain - Essay Example One, the mineralocorticoid receptors ( MR's) that control the genes for stabilization of neural activity produced in response to the stress due to the release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)-1 receptor. The glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) which unlike the MRs have low affinity induce agitation in the genes in response to the stress level produced by cortisol. GRs along with CRH-2 receptors, and parasympathetic system of behavioral alteration, aid in storing energy and information for any future occasions. Coordination and balance between the two is important for mental and physical health. Imbalance may occur due to genetic defect, individual experience etc altering the neural signal route controlling memory, emotion etc. Understanding the mechanism of corticosteroid help to find causes behind various stress related ailment like depression. The individuals response to his/her environment is determined by the stress mediators or management hormones like corticosteroids mostly concentrated in the brain. In a healthy human being with perfectly balanced stress system the response operates is synonymous to the switch on and off responses of an electric fan. Sometimes these mediators may not operate in a balanced and coordinated way as in normal healthy humans.

Managed Care Organization Essay Example for Free

Managed Care Organization Essay USLegal.com A managed care organization (MCO) is a health care provider or a group or organization of medical service providers who offers managed care health plans. It is a health organization that contracts with insurers or self-insured employers and finances and delivers health care using a specific provider network and specific services and products. They provide a wide variety of quality and managed health care services to enrolled workers keeping medical costs down through preventative medicine, patient education, and in other ways. These organizations are certified by the director of the Department of Consumer and Business Services (DCBS). MCOs vary in their constitution as some organizations are made of physicians, while others are combinations of physicians, hospitals, and other providers. For instance, a group practice without walls, independent practice association, management services organization, and a physician practice management company are the common MCO’s. Patient Advocate Foundation Providers of care, such as hospitals, physicians, laboratories, clinics, etc., make up a managed care organization delivery system often known as an MCO. Seven common MCO models are: 1. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) An arrangement whereby a third-party payer (health plan) contracts with a group of medical-care providers who furnish services at agreed-upon rates in return for prompt payment and a certain volume of patients, perhaps under contract with a private insurer. The services may be furnished at discounted rates, and the insured population may incur out-of-pocket expenses for covered services received outside the PPO if the outside charge exceeds the PPO payment rate. 2. Point-of-Service Plan (POS) Also known as an open-ended HMO, POS plans encourage, but do not require, members to choose a primary care physician. As in traditional HMOs, the primary care physician may act as a gatekeeper when making referrals; plan members may, however, opt to visit out-of-network providers at their discretion. Subscribers choosing not to use a network physician must pay higher deductibles and co-payments than those using network physicians. 3. Exclusive Provider Organization (EPO) A  network of providers that have agreed to provide services on a discounted basis. Enrollees typically do not need referrals for services from network providers (including specialists), but if a patient elects to seek care outside of the network, then he or she will not be reimbursed for the cost of the treatment. An EPO typically does not provide the preventive benefits and quality assurance monitor. 4. Physician-Hospital Organization (PHO) A contracted arrangement among physicians and hospital wherein a single entity, the Physician Hospital Organization, contracts to provide services to insurers subscribers. 5. Individual Practice Association (IPA) A formal organization of physicians or other providers through which they may enter into contractual relationships with health plans or employers to provide certain benefits or services. 6. Managed Indemnity Program A program in which the insurer pays for the cost of covered services after services have been rendered and uses various tools to monitor cost-effectiveness, such as precertification, second surgical opinion, case management, and utilization review. Also called managed fee-for-service programs. 7. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) HMOs offer prepaid, comprehensive health coverage for both hospital and physician services. An HMO contracts with health care providers, e.g., physicians, hospitals, and other health professionals, and members are required to use participating providers for all health services. Model types include staff, group practice, network, and IPA. They differ in their financial and organizational arrangements between the HMO and its physicians. Some HMOs combine various attributes of the four principal models. WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES When a person decides to enroll in Family Care, they become a member of a managed care organization (MCO). MCOs operate the Family Care program and provide or coordinate services in the Family Care benefit. The Family Care benefit combines funding and services from a variety of existing programs into one flexible long-term care benefit, tailored to each individual’s needs, circumstances and preferences. View a list of items covered in the Family Care benefit package. In order to assure access to services, MCOs develop and manage a comprehensive network of long-term care services and support, either through purchase of service contracts with providers, or by  direct service provision by MCO employees. MCOs are responsible for assuring and continually improving the quality of care and services consumers receive. MCOs receive a per person per month payment to manage care for their members, who may be living in their own homes, group living situations, or nursing facilities. Some highlights of the Family Care benefit are: When a person decides to enroll in Family Care, they become a member of a managed care organization (MCO). MCOs operate the Family Care program and provide or coordinate services in the Family Care benefit. The Family Care benefit combines funding and services from a variety of existing programs into one flexible long-term care benefit, tailored to each individual’s needs, circumstances and preferences. View a list of items covered in the Family Care benefit package. In order to assure access to services, MCOs develop and manage a comprehensive network of long-term care services and support, either through purchase of service contracts with providers, or by direct service provision by MCO employees. MCOs are responsible for assuring and continually improving the quality of care and services consumers receive. MCOs receive a per person per month payment to manage care for their members, who may be living in their own homes, group living situations, or nursing facilities. Some highlights of the Family Care benefit are: People Receive Services Where They Live. MCO members receive Family Care services where they live, which may be in their own home or supported apartment, or in alternative residential settings such as Residential Care Apartment Complexes, Community-Based Residential Facilities, Adult Family Homes, Nursing Homes, or Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. People Receive Interdisciplinary Case Management. Each member has support from an interdisciplinary team that consists of, at a minimum, a social worker/care manager and a Registered Nurse. Other professionals, as appropriate, also participate as members of the interdisciplinary team. The interdisciplinary team conducts a comprehensive  assessment of the member’s needs, abilities, preferences and values with the consumer and his or her representative, if any. The assessment looks at areas such as activities of daily living, physical health, nutrition, autonomy and self-determination, communication, and mental health and cognition. People Participate in Determining the Services They Receive. Members or their authorized representatives take an active role with the interdisciplinary team in developing their care plans. MCOs provide support and information to assure members are making informed decisions about their needs and the services they receive. Members may also participate in the Self-Directed Supports component of Family Care, in which they have increased control over their long-term care budgets and providers. People Receive Family Care Services that Include: Long-Term Care Services that have traditionally been part of the Medicaid Waiver programs or the Community Options Program. These include services such as adult day care, home modifications, home delivered meals and supportive home care. Health Care Services that help people achieve their long-term care outcomes. These services include home health, skilled nursing, mental health services, and occupational, physical and speech therapy. For Medicaid recipients, health care services not included in Family Care are available through the Medicaid fee-for-service program. People Receive Help Coordinating Their Primary Health Care. In addition to assuring that people get the health and long-term care services in the Family Care benefit package, the MCO interdisciplinary teams also help members coordinate all their health care, including, if needed, helping members get to and communicate with their physicians and helping them manage their treatments and medications. People Receive Services to Help Achieve Their Employment Objectives. Services such as daily living skills training, day treatment, pre-vocational services and supported employment are included in the Family Care benefit package. Other Family Care services such as transportation and personal care also help people meet their employment goals. People Receive the Services that Best Achieve Their Outcomes. The MCO is not restricted to providing only the specific services listed in the Family Care benefit package. The MCO interdisciplinary care management team and the member may decide that other services, treatments or supports are  more likely to help the member achieve his or her outcomes, and the MCO would then authorize those services in the member’s care plan. For a complete list of the services that must be offered by MCOs, refer to the description of the long-term care benefit package in the Health and Community Supports Contract. People Receive Services Where They Live. MCO members receive Family Care services where they live, which may be in their own home or supported apartment, or in alternative residential settings such as Residential Care Apartment Complexes, Community-Based Residential Facilities, Adult Family Homes, Nursing Homes, or Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. People Receive Interdisciplinary Case Management. Each member has support from an interdisciplinary team that consists of, at a minimum, a social worker/care manager and a Registered Nurse. Other professionals, as appropriate, also participate as members of the interdisciplinary team. The interdisciplinary team conducts a comprehensive assessment of the member’s needs, abilities, preferences and values with the consumer and his or her representative, if any. The assessment looks at areas such as activities of daily living, physical health, nutrition, autonomy and self-determination, communication, and mental health and cognition. People Participate in Determining the Services They Receive. Members or their authorized representatives take an active role with the interdisciplinary team in developing their care plans. MCOs provide support and information to assure members are making informed decisions about their needs and the services they receive. Members may also participate in the Self-Directed Supports component of Family Care, in which they have increased control over their long-term care budgets and providers. People Receive Family Care Services that Include: Long-Term Care Services that have traditionally been part of the Medicaid Waiver programs or the Community Options Program. These include services such as adult day care, home modifications, home delivered meals and supportive home care. Health Care Services that help people achieve their long-term care outcomes. These services include home health, skilled nursing, mental health services, and occupational, physical and speech therapy. For Medicaid recipients, health care services not included in Family Care are available through the Medicaid fee-for-service program. People Receive Help Coordinating Their Primary Health Care. In addition to assuring that people get the health and long-term care services in the Family Care benefit package, the MCO interdisciplinary teams also help members coordinate all their health care, including, if needed, helping members get to and communicate with their physicians and helping them manage their treatments and medications. People Receive Services to Help Achieve Their Employment Objectives. Services such as daily living skills training, day treatment, pre-vocational services and supported employment are included in the Family Care benefit package. Other Family Care services such as transportation and personal care also help people meet their employment goals. People Receive the Services that Best Achieve Their Outcomes. The MCO is not restricted to providing only the specific services listed in the Family Care benefit package. The MCO interdisciplinary care management team and the member may decide that other services, treatments or supports are more likely to help the member achieve his or her outcomes, and the MCO would then authorize those services in the member’s care plan. For a complete list of the services that must be offered by MCOs, refer to the description of the long-term care benefit package in the Health and Community Supports Contract. A managed care organization (MCO) is a health care provider or a group of association of medical examination providers who proposes accomplished health plans. It is a health group that bonds with insurers or self-insured employers and funds and provides health care by means of a definite provider system and precise facilities and products. An MCO is an insurer that delivers both healthcare amenities and payment on behalf of services. They offer a comprehensive range of quality and managed health care services to the joined employees by keeping medical charges down through preventive medicine, patient teaching, and in additional ways. These organizations are certified by the director of the Department of Consumer and Business Services (DCBS). MCOs vary in their constitution as some organizations are made of physicians, while others are combinations of physicians, hospitals, and other providers. For instance, a group practice without walls, independent practice association, management services organization, and a physician practice management company are the common MCO’s.

The City Of Bangalore Tourism Essay

The City Of Bangalore Tourism Essay The city of Bangalore is known as the silicon valley of India. It is a no brainer that IT companies play a significant role in Bangalores GDP (as well as Karnataka GDP). Nearly two decades of impressive growth in the sector has changed the face of Bangalore quite literally the landscape and the population have grown manifold. This unabated growth has put tremendous pressure on the limited and precious resources of Bangalore city like water, forestry, electricity etc. As natural fallout, the quality of life has been impacted. Whether its the congestion on roads, the irregular water supply (leave alone the quality of water), unprecedented shrinkage of water bodies, greater socio economic divide, Bangalore has seen it all! This project makes an earnest attempt to qualify and quantify some of the above trends. The inputs have been obtained primarily from secondary research Research reports, Government databases, Journals etc. We floated a survey among IT professionals to find out the level of sustainability initiatives in their companies, their own perceptions of day to day issues facing Bangalore city and the like. During the project, we have realised that data availability has been a major concern. The reasons have been manifold. For one, there are umpteen government agencies involved in recording various data that were necessary for the project. In some cases, when the needed data was available, it was either obsolete or did not capture the entire trend over the years or it was at a macro level (Karnataka state level as against Bangalore city level). Due to these barriers, it has been difficult for us to quantify some of the observations we have made in this report. We hope the drive by Karnataka Governments Directorate of Economics and Statistics to participate in Indian Strategic Statistical Plan, to centralize Government data (initiated in 2009) will prove a major step forward in this lacuna. We had to make approximations/estimates along the way to show how much of a positive or negative impact IT sector has had on Bangalore. The overall idea has not been to either praise or criticize IT sector for what Bangalore is today. Instead it has been the idea to present the growth of IT sector in Bangalore city and to see if there are any interesting trends that emerge when comparing with issues/challenges/positives that Bangalore city faces. While it might have been ideal to find solutions for many of the topics/issues we raise in this project, due to the paucity of time, the focus has been more on understanding the various aspects of Bangalore city keeping IT sector in mind. Where possible, we have provided recommendations and insights that we gathered during the project on how we can make Bangalore and IT sustainable. During this journey we studied various frameworks proposed by researchers/organizations on sustainability. We also studied the various sustainability initiatives undertaken by major IT companies like Infosys and Wipro. Considering the Linearity issues, given the cost arbitrage advantage waning away, these major companies have taken initiatives in this area to be leading examples for other companies to follow. We believe sustainability has received a critical following in the academic elite but is in a nascent stage in terms of co-ordinated implementation across business, government and society. We are hopeful of seeing a lot of seminal and creative activities happening in this area in the days ahead! Introduction India is experiencing rapid growth and a consequent increase in urban populations. In the western world, the development has been resource intensive. Over the past 200 years, economic development has depended on a shift from the use of renewable resources energy and materials that can be grown or harnessed from the daily energy of the sun to non-renewable resources dug out from deep underground. Understanding Sustainability Bangalores population growth coupled with an increased rate of resource consumption, and waste accumulation, will lead to environmental decay, and land, food, and water shortages in course of time. There are also significant changes in global environment such as climate change, increased waste and pollution, and the depletion of natural resources. Further when resource amenities are unevenly captured the rift in the society increases further polarizing communities and create disastrous outcomes Case in point are recent uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa. Also urban centers like Bangalore are not always healthy places and have a sizeable underclass of people who are poor, sick, unemployed or exploited. Given such a scenario we feel that business-as-usual scenario will bring great disasters to humankind, and is not sustainable. Sustainable Development is thus about mobilizing successfully international, national, community, and human intellectual resources in general, towards solving problems that are, overall, degrading the life support system, compromising the viability of local communities, and hurting the health and well-being of individuals. According to Jacobs, Gardner and Munro, (Okechukwu Ukaga, 2010) the five broad requirements of sustainable development are: integration of conservation and development satisfaction of basic human needs achievement of equity and social justice provision for social self-determination and cultural diversity Maintenance of ecological integrity Sustainability as 3 nodal areasAs we have seen already, sustainability is thus, a relational concept, referring to a series of practices and processes that ensure development does not exceed the ecological carrying capacity of the planet. A system based definition (Robinson J, 1997) considers three imperatives as follows The ecological imperative is to remain within planetary biophysical carrying capacity. The economic imperative is to ensure and maintain adequate material standards of living for all people. The social imperative is to provide social structures, including systems of governance, which effectively propagate and sustain the values and culture people wish to live by. In a broad sense Sustainable Development is expected to achieve the following as defined by World Bank economist Herman Daly (Daly, 2009) The rate of use of renewable resources not to exceed the rate of regeneration. The rate of use of nonrenewable resources not to exceed the rate of development of sustainable alternatives. The rate of emission of pollutants not to exceed the capacity of the environment to absorb them Why Sustainable Business Initiatives Business is held back by the same factors that keep individuals and communities in poverty: poor education and healthcare, environmental deterioration, and the absence of adequate infrastructure or an effective rule of law (WBCSD, 2010). Production of goods and services by business and industry also depends on a steady supply of raw materials. If certain elements of nature are being excessively extracted, the change in the balance of the life support systems may in turn also upset the human habitat, affecting the health and well-being of humankind. Therefore, the over-harvesting of nature for manufacturing materials will ultimately impact the quality of life of the human community. On the disposal side, both industrial waste and garbage are not part of Earths natural cycles and has to be tackled with sophisticated planning and technology as well as clear communication to future generations. The need is also for transparency, fairness, rule of law, reliability of institutions and access to legal remedy given the scale of change in our daily method of business that is foreseen to achieve significant progress Although a huge challenge, sustainable development also provides a vibrant business opportunity given the need to develop the new policy frameworks, right technologies and better business models for all around development. Methodlogy Given that IT sector has a large footprint in Bangalore, we went about this complex exercise by putting together a mindmap which identifies the various touch points of IT sector in Bangalores economy, ecology and social fabric. (An enlarged view of the mindmap below is provided in Appendix). While the list identified might not be exhaustive, we think that this is a good starting point. It would have been ideal to traverse all the branches in this mindmap and make a comprehensive report on the effect of IT industry on Bangalore. Given the paucity of time and the lack of centralized data on Bangalore, we could only cover a limited portion of the same. Bangalore among fastest growing cities in India Bangalore is among the worlds fastest growing cities, a poster child of Indias growing economic prowess; a city whose employment generation and incessant growth in the past decade has made it both sought after as well as envied. Bangalore today is the chosen destination of both expatriates and educated middle class professionals as well as engineering graduates who are flocking to this city, which has turned into a hotbed of private investment in the IT and ITES sectors. These sectors have enormously contributed to this growth of Bangalore. The urban landscape of the Garden City has now been transformed into concrete jungle of chrome and glass facades, shopping malls and branded stores, high rise apartments and overcrowded streets full of traffic congestion. This unprecedented sharp growth in the city of Bangalore has led to rapid urbanization and has transformed the character of the city putting tremendous pressure on its infrastructure, resulting in an impact to quality of life in Bangalore. Bangalore city has grown from approximately 177km2 in 1977 to 775km2 in 2011. The city has seen a population growth of 48.93% in the last decade and has shown an average annual growth rate of 2.64%. In comparison India has shown an Annual growth rate of -2.97% in the last decade. According BDA estimates in 2007, 60% of Bangalores growth is natural, while 25% is through migrant population. The remaining 15% is attributed to integration of erstwhile rural areas to Bangalore Agglomeration (JNNURM, 2009). Over the last few decades, the economy of Bangalore has transitioned from a public sector based economy to a textile industry based economy to a cluster of high technology companies. IT industry has grown by a CAGR of 25%+ over the last 2 decades. Exports account for more than 75% of software production, and thus is attributed to the global outsourcing demand for software development at low cost locations with sufficient skilled labor. It can be conservatively estimated that close to 36% of all IT labor in India is located in Bangalore. Number of People employed in IT sector (in lakhs) Until mid-90s Bangalore was a middle class town with major public sector companies and educational institutions. These units attracted both skilled and unskilled labor with strong unionization. The lower end PSU employees could easily fit into the lower middle class of Bangalore and had access to Bangalores technical education. The rapid growth of knowledge sector attracted IT firms which grew rapidly on the eastern and southern outskirts of the city. Since the sector was driven by software exports, infrastructure was not seen a bottleneck in the initial stages of Bangalores evolution. (Basant, 2006) Bangalores transformation has been aided by an active support policy of the Govt. of Karnataka for IT sector, as well as, the inherent clustering advantages of the city in terms of availability of skilled people and reputed institutes of higher education. Growth of Software of exports from Karnataka (STPI Bangalore, 2010) IT sector in Bangalore is made of top tier IT services companies such as Infosys, Wipro, TCS, Satyam, IBM, Accenture, and other captive centers of large MNCs such as Cisco, Intel and Honeywell and other small and medium enterprises. The graphic below provides a view of changing composition of Bangalores GDP and a significant move away from manufacturing related sectors. The significant increase in Real Estates contribution to Bangalores economy also points to the fact of an existing real estate boom and increasing urbanization of the city. The graphic below shows a significant shift in the contribution of the various sectors towards Bangalores economy. The Tertiary sector which is consists of Transport, Storage and Communication Trade, Hotels and Restaurants Banking and Insurance Real estate, ownership of dwellings and Business services Public Administration Other services It is also seen that the while 66% are employed in the Primary sector, the 56% of per capita income is derived from the tertiary sector (Karnataka Government, 2010). Changing Profile of GDP contributors in Bangalores Economy But this substantial growth of Bangalore has also invited its fair share of issues positive/negative. A singular industry being a focal point, a powerful alliance between corporate elites of the city and the government has been criticized as equally responsible for the mishandling of urban growth. From various sources such as Department of Economics and Statistics, ZDNet IT Professionals Survey, we have arrived at the above figure which substantiates the fact that there is a growing economic disparity among the different sections of Bangalores workforce. From late 90s to early 2000s Bangalore started showing the strains of a fast growing mega-city with growing social inequality, mass displacement and dispossession of land, proliferation of slums and congested roads. Industrial areas in Bangalore Infrastructure Effects Bangalore has seen an explosion in the number of vehicles on some of its major arterial roads. The graphic below gives a sample of different category of vehicles that are seen. We see a large increase in private transport on Bangalore roads such as 2-wheelers and Cars/Jeeps/Multi-utility. Bangalores road infrastructure is today being seen as a big bottleneck in the economic growth and quality of life in Bangalore. The following exhibit provides a view of (See Appendix -A : Vehicle Growth in Bangalore) The growth of vehicles on Bangalore roads could be attributed to the following factors: High disposable income of IT employees: The salaries of IT employees grew at a healthy pace. Even in absolute terms, they outstripped the salaries of non-IT sector employees. Car companies, Financing companies and leasing companies were quite active in pursuing this sector. Employee friendly car lease policy: Companies leased the vehicles on behalf of the employees. Companies benefit due to the accounting principles of leased assets. An example of this could be understood from the calculations shown below (Crisil Research) Employees gained by way of tax benefits, reimbursement of operating costs, free insurance premiums and of course the upscale in social image of having purchased a four wheeler car. Whilst the above two factors show a win-win for both the company and the employee, it may not be such a good news for the Government and Bangalore roads. Government loses its tax revenues. Bangalore roads experience a bigger wear and tear (Bangalore is quite famous for the pot holes on the road!) and they are choked. Due to the traffic congestion that results, its not uncommon to sight a petty quarrel Easy availability of auto loans with teaser rates: The following graphic shows the trends in auto loans with majority of the disbursements of such loans going to the top cities of India. (Crisil) The blue circle identifies Bangalores traditional residential hotspots. The red circles identify the major IT concentrations in the city. There is a considerable commute that has to happen on a daily basis in Bangalore to cover the same.Lack of Public transportation : Due to lack of Mass Rapid Transportation system and the clustering of Software technology parks in certain pockets of the city, IT employees had to travel quite a distance (as provided in the figures below) to reach their destination. The data above helps us understand that there is a significant amount of population that travels across the city, and utilizes private transport such as two wheelers and cars for the trips. This not only adds to the congestion in the city but also increases vehicular pollution (Sudhir Gota, 2008). It is also interesting to note that there is a decreasing trend in terms of reported road accidents in Bangalore. This could be due to multiple reasons The average speed of driving in Bangalore is around 11km/h due to high traffic congestion. At such bumper-to-bumper traffic movement there could be lesser chances of accidents. Is this a blessing in disguise!! The trend could also denote the number of accidents that are going unreported in Bangalore, and if true will require a better way to track and report accidents in Bangalore. A common adage in Bangalore is the statement In India people ride on the left of the road, while people in Bangalore ride on whats left of the road. This adage we feel symbolizes the severe strain on the road infrastructure in this city. Social Effects on Bangalore Corruption Corruption has been rampant in Karnataka and especially in Bangalore, going by the statistics provided by  ipaidabribe.com website. Bangalore is home to water mafia, real estate mafia and the like. It is not uncommon to read the Lokayuktas activism in Bangalores newspapers. The Times of India article dated February 5th  2011 quotes Prof. G. Venkatasubbiahs presidential address at the 77th  All India Kannada Sahitya Sammelena as saying Now, Karnataka has earned the dubious distinction of being the most corrupt state in the country. From the statistics obtained from  ipaidabribe.com, Bangalore leads in the number of bribery cases reported! While it would be difficult to segregate the impact of IT sector on this issue, we can safely assume that corruption is one of the many manifestations of a greater socio economic divide. One could easily debate the accuracy of these metrics, yet it is not easy to ignore such statistics. Crime Bangalore has been considered by and large a safe city. But the growing influx of migrants, increasing urbanization, and a major part of the BPO workforce that work in night shifts are considered some of the concern areas for the increasing crime trend in Bangalore. According to the National crime Records Bureau which analyzed the crime statistics in 35 major cities in India for the year 2009, 9.4% of cognizable crimes across these cities have been reported from Bangalore. Bangalore is said to be second only to the capital of India, Delhi in the number of IPC cases registered (Kumar M. S., 2011). Health The sedentary lifestyle of IT/ITES employees results in poor health unless compensated for with appropriate active lifestyle. Multiple surveys have suggested that a sizable population of Bangalores corporate workforce is susceptible to various health ailments. Stress resulting due to: Catering to customers/clients spanning across different time zones of the globe. Exhaustion due to challenging software delivery schedules. Constant pressure to upgrade skills to make oneself relevant and employable.   Philips Health and Wellbeing Index Report-2011 (Philips India, 2011), a survey conducted by Philips Electronics India finds that 39% of Bangaloreans approach mental health professionals as against the national average of 9%. An good indication that Bangaloreans are the most stressed out!   In the personal interviews we had with middle managers of IT companies, we found that many of their team members/colleagues have revealed their plans to retire at an early age of 45 years. This could be a result of either a good wealth accumulation at an early age or the ill effects of a stressed out work life taking its toll on their mental and physical wellbeing. Ecological Effects on Bangalore Lakes Bangalore, the garden city once boasted of 81 lakes in the city limits and close to 200 lakes in around the city. Today among these hardly 31 show any signs of existence. Around 54% of the original lakes have been encroached upon for urban buildings (Kumar, 2011). The study finds 66% of lakes are sewage fed, 14% are surrounded by slums while 72% showed loss of catchment area. Furthermore, the lake bunds are used as dumping yard, significantly polluting the water source. In an article in Times of India (Nandi, 2011), the reporter states that Untreated Sewerage water allegedly from high rise apartments off Sarjapur road is the main root cause for high contamination and sinking oxygen levels of Iblur lake. Water Though being blessed with near normal rainfall in most of the years, Bangalore faces huge water shortages in peak summer. Bangalore has 20% to 40% dependence on groundwater (Vishwanath, 2009) which is being pumped out and used unscrupulously but is being counted among cities that are non-groundwater dependent. A recent report by BWSSB says, given a projected population of 7.5 million by 2011, Bangalore has a shortfall of 676 MLD of piped potable water which is nearly 42.8% deficit from the overall demand. The picture is even more glim when looking at the projections over the next 25 years 45% of water usage in Bangalore is counted under unaccounted for water category (UFW). Furthermore the significant reduction in water bodies across Bangalore has also resulted in increase in ambient temperature of Bangalore. We consider the following as some of the major points of consideration from various studieshttp://geoinformatic.org/sites/default/files/images/Greater-Bangalore_in73to06.jpg Discriminant waste generation Irrational behavior of substituting money for water. Sewage Treatment plants for large apartment complexes not working. Multiple governments departs overseeing the management of water. Rapid urbanization has resulted in deterioration in ground water table. Decrease in flora, fauna, and catchment areas, number of water bodies. Water bodies have disappeared and water quality has deteriorated, our survey with IT employees, reveals that this is not a major concern at all! Nalika Gajaweera, in her internship paper with Equations in March 2006 (Equitable tourism) writes about the growing inequality between the upper middle class IT employee who has the luxury of buying ground water through tankers as against the urban poor as follows Three women dwelling in the slums in the backyard of the IT Park are part of the maintenance crew for the IT park; but they have to walk 2km, past the steel and glass structures, to the nearest water source to fetch water for their personal use. While the lake that they reside besides smells of toxins and tainted green, the modernist architectural glass structures that tower over their slums are tinted black and carpeted with lush green grass LAND Michael Goldman in his paper on Speculative Urbanization (GOLDMAN, May 2011) provides the following view of the growing tussle for space and growth and the resultant rampant real estate growth. In the case of the expanding IT corridor on the southeast periphery of Bangalore, one  ¬Ã‚ nds villages such as Bellandur caught in the eye of this storm. In 2002, many of Bellandurs small-landowning farmers refused the price set by KIADB, as their land was fertile, highly productive and alongside a large lake that supplied  ¬Ã‚ sh and irrigation water plentifully. Over time, many farmers living in the vicinity of the IT corridor being developed have sold off their farmland because of pressure from KIADB, and from the developers offering a better price to expedite the land acquisition process. Although as recently as a decade ago, Bellandur farmers pro ¬Ã‚ tably produced cauli ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ower, spinach, rice and coconuts for Bangalore city markets, the acute densi ¬Ã‚ cation of the area by IT  ¬Ã‚ rms has rendered its main water source the once majestic Bellandur lake (the largest in Bangalore) unusable for farm irrigation, contaminated by the untreated toxic industria l and household waste that  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows into it. As the new IT thoroughfare cuts right through the villages farmland, and as individual plots of land were sold piecemeal to developers or the government in order to construct IT campuses, farming has become untenable With the sunset clause of  Ã‚  Software Technology Parks nearing , scamper for Special Economic zones will follow suit. This would be good news for the Real estate industry, but may not be a great news for Bangalore city and its environment. The silver lining would be the conscious efforts by IT industry to comply with LEED gold and platinum standards. Infosys and Wipro in their sustainability reports have clearly mentioned their support for such compliance in all their new campuses that are being constructed. E-Waste E-waste generation emanates due to the rapid technological obsolescence and the need for    companies to be at the forefront of technical superiority. The large usage of Electronic equipments by IT companies means that there is a lot of potential for generating E-waste. The State of Environment Report Bangalore 2008 has clearly mentioned the proactive measures taken by Karnataka Pollution control board to commission e-waste recyclers like   E-parisara and Ash Recyclers to segregate and recycle such waste.   IT companies for their part have also been able to identify the e-waste issue and have taken upon themselves to donate equipment which is no longer useful for corporate usage to the deserving public. Thus the concept of Reuse/Recycle/Reduce is clearly at play. It is classic case of sustainability initiative by the IT industry and the Government agencies working closely together. Thus it is a significant win-win for the society, the companies and the environment. Sustainability Initiatives by IT companies in Bangalore IT companies and its employees have an all-around impact on both the economic factors and socio-ecological factors. For example, the high disposable income of a typical IT employee could have potentially led to the economic growth in other organized and unorganized sectors in Bangalore. As a natural fall out, this could lead to high inflation, lower quality of life, higher corruption and increased socio-economic divide. Infosys/Wipro in 2008 declared that Bangalores infrastructure as a bottleneck. Today Bangalore is no more the largest center for Infosys. Major IT companies in India have large cash surpluses. It has been seen that these are not coming into Bangalore as investments in Reasearch or education but are being held as cash or being utilized in MA. This can be substantiated with more detailed analysis. Figure Typical IT companys Business interfacesIt is seen that Sustainability has been identified as a focus area in some of the top tier IT companies such as Infosys, Wipro and TCS. Below, we have provided a summary of sustainability initiatives of Wipro and Infosys. Sustainability initiatives of Infosys Infosys Technologies Limited founded in 1981 is arguably the poster boy of Indias Information Technology companies. Infosys has been active in taking sustainability initiatives. Stressing the importance of sustainability, its chairman and chief mentor Mr. N.R. Narayanamurthy states the following in the companys sustainability report of 2009-10: Our vision is to be a responsible, leading organization working towards the greater common good by setting global benchmarks for a sustainable tomorrow Infosys has identified sustainability as a focus area in its brand positioning as Infosys 3.0. It explains Sustainable tomorrow as follows: A sustainable tomorrow can come about only when we can say with confidence that we do not carry the burden of the past, or the guilt of the present. It is the ability to say yes. Yes, we are sustainable from the economic point of view Yes, as a conscientious global organization, we consumed natures resources only to the extent needed for the organization Yes, as integral part of the community, across geographies, we contributed to its social development. Yes, we are ready to stand up and be counted. The theme of sustainable tomorrow is broken down into three key focus areas: Social Contract Being ethical, practicing good corporate governance principles and engaging with all stakeholders to meet both Infosyss and clients sustainability goals. Resource Efficiency Improving resource utilization by monitoring usage of such resources like electricity at a granular level at all office locations. Green Innovation Collobarating with customers to offer solutions in smart grid, intelligent infrastructure and data centers, and helping customers achieve their sustainable goals. To make business sustainable, Infosys follows the PSPD model of Profitability, Sustainability, predictability and de-risking business. Infosys collaborates with global bodies like WBSCD, GTZ, TERI, WEF and UNGC by participating in their external forums. Sustainability initiatives of Wipro From its sustainability report 2008-09, Wipro identifies a number of megaforces that it predicts will impact the world in times to come. These are enumerated as: Climate change Looming water disaster Sustainable cities Universal education Diversity Inclusivity and human rights Transparency Sustainable food security Eliminating poverty Wipro believes that appropriate goal setting with quantifiable is the key to take the sustainability initiatives forward. By setting quantifiable metrics to monitor and adapt, it believes it can make progress in its sustainable journey. At the heart of its sustainability philosophy is the Mobius strip what Wipro calls as a metaphor for the multi-dimensional challenges of sustainability. What this essentially translates to is the fact that sustainability challenges do not have defined start and end points and there are no clearly defined boundaries between the economic, social and ecological dimensions of any problem. Wipro is operationalizing its strategic vision by clearly identifying and executing the following: Leadership backing for sustainability initiatives Prime Accountability of sustainability initiatives lies with a distinct group Acquiring commitment from key internal functions like finance, facilities etc. Create capacity and involvement at all levels of the organization Continuously learn and improve by partnering with external stakeholders Integrate into mainstream planning, budgeting and review processes Create a robust investment framework that provides guidelines for internal investment proposals on sustainability. A survey of IT Employees in Bangalore As part of our study we ran a survey across the PGSEM participants who we consider a good representative sample of the IT sector in Bangalore. We received 44 responses and we provide below, our analysis of the results of th