Organizational Culture Organization Structure Essay

As known each organization has a set objective to be achieved. Hence depending on the objective to achieve those objectives, an organization can be structured in many difference ways: the 2 basic division, is the division of labour coordination supervision. These are done to be in-line with the organizational objective. Defining and identifying an organization structure affects the organization in two big ways – it provides the foundation on which standard operating procedures and routines rest and it determines which individuals get to participate in which decision making process. For the ease of operations, the organization structure is further divided into: Tall organization structure – for large complex companies Flat organization structure – mid-size organisations. Virtual organization structure – companies that are dependent on communication technology for their day to day working. Boundary less organization structure – a contemporary format of working. Introduction to organizational culture: Organizational culture is the heart of the organization performance it is critical for organizational success. It is a culture in which the core values are intensely and widely shared among the employees and stake holders. Some of the characteristics are: Innovation – some organization encourage its employees to be creative and generate new ideas. Stability – some organization emphasize on maintaining a stable predictable environment. People oriented – organizationsShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Structures And Organizational Cultures For Different Organizations Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary The first task of the report of assignment ‘Organization and Behaviour’ deals with the comparison of various different kinds of organizational structures and organizational cultures for different organizations. In addition, the task takes into account the impact of the culture and the structure of organization on the functions and operation of business. However, the various factors which influence the individual performance and behaviour at work is also given emphasis in this partRead MoreOrganizational Change : Management Structures, Technologies And Culture Within The Organization2064 Words   |  9 PagesOrganizational change involves reviewing and transforming business processes, management structures, technologies and culture within the organization with the aim to increase effectiveness and efficiency of the entire organization. It needs a careful investigation of current business procedures and structures to implement the change successfully. I have experienced a similar kind of organizational change. This organizational change came in the face of leadership change. This change that I have experiencedRead MoreDeveloping Effective Teamwork in Organizations by Considering the Organizational Structure, Culture, Employees’ Motivational and Leadership Aspects.9709 Words   |  39 Pagesin organizations by considering the organizational structure, culture, employees’ Motivational and leadership aspects. LEARNING OUTCOME 1 TASK 1a AN ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE There are many different opinions and definitions of organizational structure. Structure in a sense is the arrangement of the functions used to do the work. Thompson said the structure is the inner structure of the differentiation and the relations. He referred to the structure as the means by which the organization setsRead MoreOrganizational Structure and Culture661 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Structure and Culture Introduction In this week’s assignment we will be looking at organizational structure and organizational culture. We will first look at how organizational culture impacts organizational structure and vice versa. Then look at how organizational structure interacts and impacts the organization’s decision process. Organizational Cultures Impact on Organizational Structure The first part of this week’s assignment was to look at how organizational structure impactsRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Its Functions863 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION Organizational culture involves systems of beliefs and values that guide the behavior of individuals within the organization and how they shape behavior (Kummerow, 2013). Organizational structures, on the other hand, dictate the assignment, coordination and control of roles and responsibilities to achieve organizational goals (Pathak 2011). For a company to perform effectively it needs to grow, organizational development is one element of growth that focuses on practice an research focusedRead MoreOrganizational Culture and Structure1134 Words   |  5 Pages Organizational Culture and Structure The structure of an organization determines the allocation of roles, regulations, and responsibilities, and therefore builds a basis for the culture in an organization. There is a constant relationship between organizational structure and organizational culture that provides a theme within an organization. Both can be difficult to clearly define and distinguish when analyzing an organization. Organization culture is a perspective into theRead MoreThe Impact of Organizational Structure and Culture819 Words   |  3 PagesThe Impact of Organizational Structure and Culture Organizational structure has been set up to facilitate all goal achievements. It is a way to motivate their employees and get them to work together. It also helps its employees to follow the organizations goals, and work together as a team. In order to do this, they need to have an organized structure to be able to run the company smoothly. A main foundation of every organization is to post their mission statement and goals everywhere so that theirRead MoreAnalyse the Structure of Sony in 1999 and the Restructuring In20031391 Words   |  6 PagesKomonkitisakun Student no.1244197 The different in organization cultures are mainly related to the practices between companies, while the national culture are associated with the values that held deeply and difficult to change. Employees can adapt themselves to the organization culture and they can follow the leaders in an organization. However, if conflicts occurred between their national cultural values and the organizational culture, the organizational culture would be undermined. There are many viewpointsRead MoreCulture and Structure1270 Words   |  6 PagesSome form of organizational culture and structure exist in every organization. Successful organizations are often credited with having an appropriate organizational culture and/or structure in place that allows them to reach success. Many companies can believe that they have the needed structure in place to assure success; yet they fail where others succeed. Some work very well, and some just do not work at all. For any organizational culture and structure to function properly, it seems as thoughRead MoreReshaping Organizational Culture Using the Burke-Litwin Model1110 Words   |  4 Pagesreshape the culture of an organization in an image they feel is more appropriate. The group went to Mexico to impose American ideas about organizations, power, gender roles and other American cultural ideas on an organization in a foreign culture. This paper will describe their efforts using the lens of the Burke-Litwin model for organizational change. Burke-Litwin The Burke-Litwin Model seeks to explain the processes and influences by which organizational change occurs. The organizational change process

The Impact Of Media On Society s Perception Of Reality

The media has been influencing society’s perception of reality ever since the printing press was invented in the early 1900’s. According to Delascio, when CNN first aired in 1980, it was the only television station devoted to around-the-clock news broadcasting. But by the end of the 1990s, it faced significant competition from MSNBC, Fox News, and others. As more twenty-four-hour news stations appear, many resort to attention-grabbing headlines that emphasize disasters and tragedies more than cooperation and good deeds (Delascio 2015). Does the media negatively or positively impact psychological perspectives? Who does the media influence the most men or women? Media tells you how to look at your world, yourself, and how to think in regards to them. It tells you what to be afraid of, what to hate, what to embrace, etc. If the idea of wanting to observe the effects of media on society, just look and listen. The messages that the media is transmitting are reflected in our societal values and behavior. The media affects our society in several ways and control the direction of society. Television is a source of media that has a strong effect on society today There are both positive and negative impacts the media has on society. The TV news erroneously cover its communities by having most of its stories about police brutality and violence of racial tension. Considering the current influence of media, we need to agree on the fact that media plays an important role in shaping upShow MoreRelatedThe Reality Of Reality Tv Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pages People watch media for different reasons. Reality TV is a common source of entertainment on various channels and media outlets. The purpose of reality TV is to â€Å"promise more drama, suspense, and laughter while pushing the envelope of what is morally and socially acceptable, funny, and, of course entertaining† (Glouner et al.). This type of media allows real people to connect to those on TV. Reality is not completely real, there are aspects of it that are scripted, rehearsed and completely alteredRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1293 Words   |  6 PagesMedia is a major contributor of how social groups are perceived in today’s society. Mediais around us every day almost all day, and it constantly sends messages about the world’s environment. There are many indicators shown pertaining to how media really affects society. One of the most prominent explanations of those questions is the way media influences stereotypes. There has been previous research li nking media sources and biased attitudes. This research paper explores articles supporting mediaRead MoreThe Media And Its Influence On The Public962 Words   |  4 Pagespublic’s perception over themselves and others. The picture, which comes hand in hand with the camera, is a mass producer in the influence over the public’s perception. The public has access to this technology, but is the public viewing what the public publishes? Most of the time we are viewing the popular, which is usually a small group of people. This small group of people wins over our perception by persuasion in that the perception they are portraying is the norm. People now need the media newsRead MoreThe Influence Of Media Reporting On Society s Perception Of Beauty1730 Words   |  7 Pagesthe media has created an image that is unrealistic and unattainable for teenage girls. As such, based upon a macro perspective, the societal roles, status and expectations of young women have been impacted negatively. This paper will analyze how the combination of media reporting, socioeconomics and sociocultural factors contribute to the development of eating disorders as well as how society s perception of beauty has been distorted. This paper will further support the notion that societies perceptionRead MoreMedia s Negative Images Of Health Care1215 Words   |  5 Pages Should Media Portray Only Positive Images of Health Care Name Institution Should Media Portray Only Positive Images of Health Care Media has portrayed many negative images of healthcare through television including movies. It is important that media presents positive images of healthcare to influence positive public perceptions on healthcare delivery. Health care television shows have portrayed nurses as handmaidens to doctors, ‘naughty’, battle-axes’, sex objects, self-sacrificial angelsRead MoreThe Impact Of Media Coverage On The Public Perception Of Missing Children916 Words   |  4 PagesWe as a society go about our daily activities not thinking about the criminal actions of others. We are not faced with the concerns of crimes unless we are the victims. We depend on communication outlets to stay updated with local, state and international events. The actual number of children missing is alarming and yet unknown. Influences on the public perception The writer of this chapter pinpointed the views of the world in a great way. There are many influences on the public perception of missingRead MoreThe Reality Of Television Has On Store For Me Tonight1547 Words   |  7 PagesIt is Monday morning and I am already thinking about what reality television has in store for me tonight. There are so many shows to choose from at prime time, so instead of making a hard decision, I simply plan to watch them all. From Basketball Wives and Black Ink Crew to Love and Hip-hop and The Real Housewives of Atlanta, my Monday night seems to be very eventful. It is something about the constant drama that keeps my glued to the TV screen – the constant shouting and fussing, not to mentionRead MoreHow to Gain the Most from the Media in Our Lives Essay537 Words   |  3 PagesMedia has always been an important factor in society, and it always will be. The way an individual discerns the world dictates how they interact with it, but the dichotomy bet ween media and society goes both ways. People perceive media differently based on experiences in their lives, within each decade a shift in norms, trends and technology is observable. Jerzy Kosinski uses a character that perceives society based on television alone to depict the way media affects an individuals perceptionRead MoreAnalysis Of Dana Mastros Article Why The Medias Role On Issues Of Race And Ethnicity1045 Words   |  5 PagesMedia’s Role in Issues of Race and Ethnicity Should be in the Spotlight’ makes an important contribution to our understanding of the media’s role in the construction of perceptions of racial and ethnic groups and how these perceptions effect the social position of the people that they are about .This is largely because the media plays a huge role in an individual’s daily lives and it is very difficult to avoid its influence, at least partly, due to its frequency at which it is consumed. MoreoverRead MoreThe Biases Of The Unconscious Mind1681 Words   |  7 Pages(2016) in the misuse of anti-depressant medications in college students. In this manner, the a clinical study was done on college students, which sought to examine the motivations for the misuse of anti-depressants, which they found to have a negative impact on enhanced learning processes. Commonly, these drugs were thought to help stabilize the mind of the individual in the hope that it would help students improve academic performance,., however, they found many biases in their studies on the motivational

Plato s Republic A Political Leader Is The Greatest Way...

In book one of Plato’s Republic, Socrates states that â€Å"no one, in any position of rule, to the extent that he is a ruler, considers or enjoins what is advantageous for himself, but what is advantageous for his subject - that on which he practices his craft.† According to Plato, treating political rule as a craft with master craftsmen in power is the greatest way have a successful political rule. This idea is pessimistic when viewed in terms of a democratic society, as a true democracy places a value on the ability of everyone to exercise political authority either through voting or being elected into a political office. Socrates believes that democracy is inherently flawed because it gives a political voice to those who lack experience in political craft. Though Plato’s ideas on who should be a political leader are not favorable in democratic society, his argument is rather convincing. Plato compares the craft of politics to the craft of medicine in book on e. When someone is ill, they go to a doctor, not a baker for example. Plato argues that politics is much the same in that someone who is able to successfully run a government must have studied politics and fit the role of a philosopher king. When the ruler or rulers of a society do not meet this requirement, corruption is bound to occur. Plato states that â€Å"excessive action in one direction usually sets up a great reaction in the opposite direction †¦ for extreme freedom probably cannot lead to anything but a change toShow MoreRelatedPopulist Leadership, Modern Tyranny1421 Words   |  6 Pagesa modern tyranny, taking book IX as a reference for the similarity of certain features among a populist leader today, with the tyrant of yesterday described by Plato. According to Socrates the democratic man arose from the oligarchic father when he dared to place in the same rank the necessary and unnecessary desires enjoying them in moderation. In Book IX of the treatise of Plato s Republic, Socrates argues his disciple Adeimantus as the Democratic son of a man becomes a tyrant when he lets himselfRead More Role Model of the West Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesyears, Western Civilization has flourished and become very dominate with stable and powerful nations. Reasons why the Western Civilization have become such great nations has been much attributed to the great role model, ancient Greeks for their many contributions, such as architecture, fine arts, education, philosophy, and mostly for their form of democracy and ways of government. The architecture and fine arts in ancient Greece had proved to be beyond its time. The Greeks talent for architectureRead MoreIdi Amin Dada: Authoritarian Leadership2341 Words   |  10 PagesAuthoritarian style governments come in different forms and apply varying amounts of violence when enforcing their rule. People who live in democratic style governments often do not understand why people accept living in an authoritarian state, forgetting that in fact the authoritarian form of government is the oldest form of government on earth. A dictatorship government is one type of authoritarian government that gains world attention most notably by the extreme violence used to control theirRead MoreQuestioning Male s And Female s Reasoning Towards Their Particular Career Choice3153 Words   |  13 PagesChichi Emenike LBST4800 4.23.2015 After analyzing and questioning male s and female s reasoning towards their particular career choice, I realize that there was a certain pattern towards gender and career. Most male pursued what society depict as a masculine occupation such as doctors, architects, or technology based jobs. Meanwhile, most women pursed what society depict as a feminine occupations such as teachers, secretaries, assistance or nursing. The most shocking discovery is when men pursuedRead MoreReligion And Its Role Within Societies 600 B.c11006 Words   |  45 PagesReligion and its role in societies 600 B.C.E. - 600 C.E. Codifications and further developments of existing religious traditions provided a bond among the people and an ethical code to live by. Religion has been a dominant cultural, ethical, and political force throughout human history, both recent and ancient. Religion has been science and asylum for many generations of very many people, uniting them in their common faith. Temples were built for people to pray and perform sacrifice in, giving theRead MoreAre Leaders Made or Born: a Critique of Great Manand Trait Theories4094 Words   |  17 PagesARE LEADERS BORN OR MADE: A critique of Great Man and Trait theories. Assignment prepared by Philip Barry 387169 August 08 Introduction Leadership continues to be one of the most debated and studied topics in management and indeed society as a whole. This can be evidenced by the fact that if you search for leadership on Goggle 175,000,000 worldwide hits are recorded. Success in many arenas, whether it be business, the military, politics or the wider community is often primarilyRead MoreProceedings Of The Second Conference On Human Capital Development9482 Words   |  38 Pagespersons whom I understand have the appropriate credentials and competences in the field of management will take us to a higher level and mold our behavior better than we were before the workshop. In this address, I will attempt to provide brief definitions, look at basic theories, furnish some explanations and proffer recommendations. Definitions and concepts of ‘self’ and ‘self-development: From the time of Plato to present, philosophers, sociologists and psychologists have posited different conceptsRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesfinancial crisis and economic recession have challenged some assumptions about globalization and economic integration, but they have also underscored the interconnected nature of global economies. Most countries and regions around the world are inextricably linked, yet profound differences in institutional and cultural environments persist. The challenges for international management reflect this dynamism and the increasing unpredictability of global economic and political events. Continued growth of theRead MoreTheories of Organizational Behavior10512 Words   |  43 Pagesintimacy, occasions in which compassion comes to fruition? Or are our ideas of organization incapable of being emancipated from the impetuous calls of efficiency and subordination? What place is there today for ‘ultimate values’ like dignity or happiness? Have these all-too-human dreams been made impossible in the disorganization of global capital? When organizations get busy organizing each other, how then are we to think of ‘belonging’? And how can we stop tradition from being the Other of modernizationRead MoreA Pay Model and Defining Internal Alignment9320 Words   |  38 PagesMedtronic’s. AES generates and markets electricity around the world. Its goal is to provide electricity worldwide in a socially responsible way. The notion of social responsibility pervades the company. Fairness is a fundamental objective of pay systems. In Medtronic s objectives, fair-.ness means â€Å"ensure fair treatment and be open and understandable..AES s mission statement acknowledges, Defining what is fair is often difficult, but we believe it is helpful to routinely question the relative

Psychology Module On Pre Entry Course - 1374 Words

As part of the Psychology module on Pre Entry Course, I have been instructed to define specific title from two chosen subject titles; therefore I have chosen to discuss the psychological theory on What is Attitude? I will use all research the basic knowledge of psychological research to define Attitude which relates to everyday Human Behaviour. I will be discussing the prospect on behaviour and using well- known Psychologists on their theory on attitudes that effect people behaviour. I will be discussing different approaches towards people attitude by using areas of different areas that attitude changes, i.e. discussing sporting events how that change people attitude, mental illness affects attitude change within a person†¦show more content†¦Where do attitudes come from? They come from the thesis of series of approaches within psychology, it’s the theory of learning daily and that’s how where attitudes form from behaviour. Classical conditioning is what is learnt from their attitudes within the behavioural stimulates from an object or certain role in their life. The Operant conditioning is where the positive outcomes of strengthen in all associations but can trigger into the negative associations. Attitude commands into basic different areas in psychology, when someone behaviour acts in many ways that prevents them from others and doing other interesting social events with others. This comes from their social background, where they have been bought up or having mental health problems can also affect people’s attitude towards life. When people use illegal intake of medication or alcohol can also Affect their behaviour emotional and cognitively too, as people change their ways in life and their attitude towards other will be different. Other people who have attitude problems will change and their feelings about life will be different from others. Illegal intake of drugs will affect people attitude towards other and the behaviour will change and lead to other actions. â€Å"Studies of the dizygotic and monozygotic twins, definitfy suggest

Adrienne Richs Rape Essay Example For Students

Adrienne Richs Rape Essay Have you ever been in a situation where you had something horrible happen in your life that you needed to do something about, but in order to do something about it, you had to confront the problem and that caused you pain and more troubles? I believe that to be the underlying conflict in Adrienne Richs Rape. The main character who the speaker is talking to first is a woman who has been sexually violated. She is a victim of a heinous and very private, embarrassing crime. The officer that she has reported her situation to is a policeman who patrols her area and who her family knows and trust. Her family is very close to this officer, for he comes from your block, grew up with your brothers.2 She doesnt know him that well though, which makes her telling him about the incident that much more painful and uncomfortable. She gives him all the details of the crime and about her assailant. She has the idea that the cop may have been her rapist. The woman has a certain bit of suspicion about the officer, but she is not sure. Rape is a poem about a woman who is reporting a case of rape to a policeman who may just be the criminal responsible for the offense himself. The violated woman isnt convinced that the policeman is the rapist, but the speaker defiantly suspects him. The rape victim knows very little about the criminal in question, so the speaker tells the reader about the incident, the evidence, and about enough facts to let them come up with there own suspect. The first statement made by the speaker is There is a cop who is both prowler and father.1 When he says prowler the reader automatically considers the officer to be a suspect, even before any background is given on him. This is a very important line in the poem. It expresses that the policeman is both a prowler and a father figure. He is suppose to be an ally against crime and problems on his beat. The role of a policeman is to protect the innocent from criminals and evils. But who protects you when officers of the law are corrupt and are involved in unlawful actions? There is also another line in this paragraph that the reader could interpret to be incriminating. The speaker says the You hardly know him in his boots and silver badge, on horseback, one hand touching his gun.4-5 Since she doesnt know him that well anyway, maybe instead of seeing him as an officer of the law, she sees him as her assailant. The middle few stanza get a little more confusing. The second stanza tells of how intimidating and powerful the policeman is. The third stanza is where the woman takes her problems and concerns to the officer. The forth stanza is quite intriguing. It starts off with a description the cops eyes, a very soothing image. Its the last verse of  this stanza that takes a turn of suspicion against the officer. The thought of the the hysteria in your voice pleases him best20 makes the reader believe that he is the rapist, a person who would enjoy such a thing. The last stanza contains some good closing thoughts. It is also interesting because it sounds like the speaker changes who he is addressing. This is obvious in the first line of this stanza when the speaker says He has access to the machinery that could get you put away.26 The woman wouldnt get put away, for she hasnt done anything wrong. The speaker is now talking to the rapist. The speaker later talks about what the rapist says as being like a portrait of your confessor.29 .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a , .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a .postImageUrl , .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a , .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a:hover , .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a:visited , .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a:active { border:0!important; } .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a:active , .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1050acd60bb75815298182009fe9723a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Einstein Essay On NewtonIn these latter moments of this poem, maybe the woman is unsure of who violated her. Rape, by Adrienne Rich, is a poem about a woman who was violated. At first the reader suspects the policeman as her rapist, then it seems like she suspects someone else. vAfter writing this paper, I come up with another possible theory. I believe that no one she knows is her rapist, she just sees all males as possible rapist and feels scared and threatened by them.

Covering Health Issues Role of Newspapers

Question: Discuss the impact of regulations and technological changes on the Mass Communication Industries in the last three decades looking at the TV OR Newspaper industry? Answer: Introduction Newspapers are still far from the dead, but the language of the obituary is creeping in. The present status of the industry in the UK is strong enough to give a candid proof of a fact that this ink-on-publishing tradition is being ruthlessly suppressed by the accelerating innovations in the digital world. The newspapers, from a very long time, have been considered as the most reliable information to the readers. The industry has been establishing a sound information background of the people and has constantly been aiding in delivering the most justified form of local and international news to the ones to whom the issues are mainly concerned. The newspapers are considered to be far more effective than all the other sources of information cum entertainment as it provides a much easier way to its readers to explore about public affairs in a much more detailed and manner. The complexity of the society could be well understood only when this ink-on-publishing tradition has been well appre ciated by the readers and if along with democracy the people are provided with an immensely rich and pluralistic information environment which invigorate a sense of awareness among people (Grahama Hilla, 2009). The technology has always been an integral element to face the dynamics of the evolving world and its demands. But as the technological reforms have dominated the society in the few decades, it has posed a great challenge not only at the level of production and delivery of information but also the industrial level. With the incorporation of myriads of technological reformations, the newspaper has eventually started losing its grip over its readers as the readership habits are under a great change as the consumers are turning their interests towards the free internet services for a variety of information and news related to current topics (Stephens, 2010). History of Newspapers When defined in its simplest form, then a Newspaper is a publication that occurs frequently and regularly and carries information about a wide variety of current events. The Newspapers began to circulate around the 17th century and the first newspaper was printed in England in 1641. However, till that time, the word Newspaper was not so prevalent. The first successful daily newspaper in Britain was printed and circulated in 1702. In Britain, the first Sunday newspaper, the British Gazette and Sunday Monitor were published in 1780. The Daily Universal Register (published in1785) was renamed as The Times in 1788. It was in the year 1814 that the newspaper industry was revolutionized with the introduction of the Steam-power press and The Times was the first newspaper, incorporating this innovative technique in its printing using a rotator printing press with the printing face wrapped around a cylinder for the first time (AJR Team, 2008). The Observer, The Daily Telegraph and The Guardia n were respectively founded in the year 1791, 1855 and 1821. It was in the late 19th Century that made the newspaper industry far more common among the people. During this period, the Government began to charge Stamp Duty on the printing of the newspaper which further made them more expensive. The year 1855 was marked a yet another important year in the history of newspaper, as the stamp duty, that was imposed in the previous years, was abolished to make this easiest way of publishing information, more cheaper than always. In 1962, the Sunday Times became the first newspaper to publish a color supplement of the newspaper on weekends. At the beginning of the 20th Century, most of the work related to newspaper printing and publishing, had been carried out in the Fleet Street and subsequently it became the center of the British Newspaper printing. However, with the end of this century, most of the newspaper owners began to move away from this center. The 20th Century was marked by the introduction of Computers and hence the obsolete labor intensive techniques were replaced by the new and innovative Information technology tactics. To address the issues of the press and to invite innovative suggestions from the participants, a Press Complaint Commission was created in 1990. The Newspaper industry adopted a new innovative idea to attract the commuters by introducing its first free newspaper named Metro in 1999 (Kirchhoff, 2010). Existing newspaper Business Model The newspaper industry is characterized by a high sunk cost as a great investment is needed in implementing a printing press, ink and paper and of course in hiring and retaining the labor. This high sunk cost is supplemented by a low marginal cost and therefore this gives a chance for the market entry barriers to expand and curb the entry of the press in the potential market segments. The existing business model of this industry works on a strategy that is designed to operate in the two-sided market (Norris, 2000). Under this model, the industry is involved in selling news to the readers and simultaneously in selling advertising space to the advertisers. Although, the concentration of newspaper publishers is ongoing with time, yet the newspaper publishers are having an immense problem in sustaining their business as a standalone, individual business. Revenue Structure In the decade, from the year 1997 to 2007, the firms involved in the newspaper publishing industry increased to around 9,000. This was accompanied by an average declination in the number of employees with a steep rate of around 15.9%. Looking at the current statistics, in 2013 the newspaper market was expected to generate revenue of $169.9 billion, which was around 2.2% less as compared to the revenue generated in 2012. The conventional newspaper business is considered till now as the primary contributor to the income of the newspaper industry, contributing up to 78% of the total revenue. The UK newspaper publishing market has a medium level of market share concentration. This fact is further strengthened by a statistic that reveals that only the top four players in the industry has accounted for around 54.1% of the industry revenue in the year 2014-2015. These major companies, ruling the newspaper industry at present includes News Corporation, Daily Mail, Johnston Press and Telegrap h Media Group (Izquierdo-Castillo, 2013). The economic turmoil, the country is facing at the present, predicts that theres a bleak future for the newspaper industry and the industry is definitely going to decrease its value in the coming years as the sales and advertising expenditure are going to decline. Talking about the recent year, 2015, the year had been a brutal one for the industry as the print advertising in the country fell by 112 m which was nearly equivalent to half Fleet Streets Profit and even with the combined wage bills of the leading newspaper in the UK, including, the Times, Sunday Times and the Daily Telegraph (Dodge, 2006). Cost Structure As already mentioned in the earlier section, that the maximum investments in a newspaper industry are needed in implementing and operating the printing press and in manufacturing and buying the ink and the paper, hence it is proven that the in a typical operation, the maximum portion of the investments is utilized at the industrial level. Of the total cost, around 25- 35% is utilized in buying and manufacturing the paper and implementing the printing press. Around 30- 40% is used in distribution and 18- 25% is utilized in editing. The left over 10- 15% is utilized in meeting the administrative and marketing expenditures (Nworah, 2012). The Circulation sales and billing together with fleets of trucks and delivery employees throwing the papers from door to door accounts only to the 10% of the total costs. However, this percent is a part of the distribution section only. Talking about the significant incomes of the industry, so, the major sources of the income are distribution services and the free advertising papers in the average company (Lilistrucchi, 2005). Current Status of Newspaper Industry Impact of Technology The earliest newspapers were simply hand written documents posted in public. With the invention of the printing press by Johannes Guttenberg in 1440s, a revolution in the print culture began. Advancements in electronics led to another revolution in which the newspapers are printed and published. Technological reformations, including the invention of computers and its associated softwares equipped the newspaper industry with an ability to produce a relatively larger number of newspapers in a very short time. The software technology, named as Desktop Publishing, added another remarkable reformation in the printing techniques (Salman, et al., 2011). With the introduction of this technological software, the industry began to publish the newspaper layout in a more innovative and appealing manner. Talking about peculiar softwares, then Adobe Page Maker, Quark express and Microsoft Publishers are some of the leading softwares that have made the printing and publishing work easy and interest ing. Another interesting advancement in technology is the introduction of digital photography with includes use of a wide range of digital cameras. The inclusion of photos with the information has always given a better understanding to the readers. The digital photography has aided the industry with an increased speed of newspaper printing by directly including the clicked photos from the camera to the page to be printed. The above mentioned softwares have accompanied in this work a lot. The internet has proven a crucial element that has a both positive and a negative impact on the growth of this sector. A number of newspapers have turned towards the internet exposure to increase their popularity and expenditure (Fan, 2012). As this element has been accepted globally by a number of users, hence the newspaper industry has started using it as a medium to reach the remotely placed readers and even to target the new potential target market segments. The internet is not only regarded as a medium of quick information, but side by side is a pivotal element that could be effectively used in business and advertising and has proven a boon for the newspaper industry. The Electronic Ink technique effectively amalgamates the essentials of electronic and internet to deliver quick services to the readers by improving the speed of distribution and cutting the major costs of printing. While most of the newspaper publishers consider internet technology as a boon to the industry, the o thers recognize as a major challenge to the industry, which has an enough capacity to give a potent threat to the popularity of printed newspapers. According to Reid Goldsborough, The relative cost of including internet in place of printing press is quite low and hence has effectively taken over the old-media institution. This has not only threatened the popularity of printed news, but has also left a majority of labors unemployed (Ifra, 2006). Impact of regulation In the year 2013, the government of UK published a Royal Charter accessing its control over the newspaper industry. This formal document consists of a number of recommendations that were regarded as lame and unworkable by the newspaper society. Hence, the members of the society stood together in against of the governments proposal and curbed the idea (Rosenstiel Jurkowitz, 2012). The regulation of newspaper, being a sensitive issue to handle, holds a critical importance in the newspaper industry. But, when the regulation is exercised through external agencies then it gives undue advantages to the politicians to have an unacceptable degree of interference in the working of the press. Self Regulation has become a solution to all the evolving issues of regulation and its ill effects. The Press Complaint Commission (PCC), being an element of self regulation, works efficiently to provide a central benefit of combining the highest standards of ethical reporting with a free press. The stat utory controls and privacy controls only works to undermine the freedom of the press. These regulations are only used by the rich and the powerful to who ultimately involves courts to exert their pressure on the freedom of speech of the publishers. The regulation exerted by the external agencies is sometimes misused by corrupts to obstruct the reporters to publish articles that are concerned with the public interests (Africanus Diedong, 2013). Hence, with unworkable regulations, this medium of reliable information becomes a mere puppet in the hands of the rich and powerful. Future of the newspaper industry Newspaper in the todays era is not dying, they are committing suicide. The declining phase of the newspaper industry is suggesting that the Internet and other powerful information source are together responsible in destroying the ink-on-paper publishing. Philip Meyer has studied the newspaper industry for almost three decades and has suggested that if the current readership trend continues in the future, then it will be the year 2044 when the reader will get to read the last printed newspaper. In his latest book, titled The Vanishing Newspaper: Saving Journalism in the Information Age, he has candidly said that the declining number of the readers is really a bad sign for the newspaper industry and if the trend continues then the industry will have to face a great turmoil in the future. The major point of concern for the industry is relatively quite shocking as the researchers say that the todays young generation wont grow into future readers (McClymer, 2010). A present research has u nveiled that the time spent by the adults, under the age of 30, in reading daily newspapers has dropped to only 16% which is yet another concern for the industry. The declining phase of the industry has created an urge to find an alternative business model. Although the process of searching a new business model requires continuous efforts with several layers of reporting and a number of research instruments, yet once an effective model is generated then the industry can recover back to its older popularity era. There are a number of suggestions regarding the new business model for the newspaper industry. One such model, being a bit experimental and innovative in nature, has suggested a concept of Crowdfunding. In this model, the readers could make the payments to a journalist so that he can write a particular story or cover a peculiar beat (Liew, 2016). The readers donation being an innovative concept will not only raise an alternate source of funding for the industry, but also promises to increase the involvement of the local public in the working in the industry and hence make them more closer towards the print culture. The fund given by the people can support a journalist on an individual level or can even directly aid the industry on a whole. The representative journalists, gathering information on the basis of the financial aid provided by the people, can later be presented to the newspapers as the fresh talent or can work for other media outlets. Another innovative model that the industry could follow to overcome this declining phase is the Customization of Papers. With this idea, the technology would be used in printing customized pages incorporated and illustrated with lots of ads for the readers or just printing hyper-local editions of their papers in regions where the newspapers are greatly acknowledged. The industry adopting any of the new business models should also adopt a system of self regulation in its working. The self regulation being free from any sort of legal problems and political interference, grants the industry with a supreme power to express the views, but also a set of rules that keep the edito rs highly committed to the highest possible ethical standards (Leurdijk, et al., 2012). Conclusion In the midst of the crippling value of newspapers and declining numbers of the readers, it is quite pivotal that the industry adopt a number of measures to attain its position back in the society. Newspaper, being like a guiding light to the igniting minds of the young generation and the most affirmative source of reliable information for the ones who cannot afford the other exorbitant sources, has got a lot of potential to get back to its readers. Although, technology has revolutionized the printing and publishing sector both in quality and speed, yet it is posing a major threat to the future of this industry. The regulation to the press is only tolerable when it is up to the words, but when the government and other external agencies began to regulate the ideas of the publishers then the existence of democracy is being questioned. Hence, both technology and regulation should only be incorporated when they are proving as a beneficial asset to the industry. Bibliography Africanus, D. Diedong, L., 2013. Covering Health Issues: The Role of Newspapers in Ghana. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, June, 3(12), pp. 1-6. AJR Team, 2008. The Elite Newspaper of the Future. Philip Merrill college of Journalism, October/November. Dodge, J., 2006. Electronic Ink puts indelible stamp on newspapers. Electronic Ink puts indelible stamp on newspapers, 13 December. Fan, Y., 2012. Ownership Consolidation and Product Characteristics: A Study of the U.S. Daily Newspaper Market, s.l.: DailyNewspaper. Grahama, G. Hilla, J., 2009. The regional newspaper industry value chain in the digital age. 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