Review of Research Paper on Metastasis of Cancerous Tumors

Introduction Early diagnosis provides the best hope many have in beating cancer. Unfortunately, this is not the end of the fight for many cancer patients. Primary tumors may be successfully treated early, only to later discover they have metastasized to other areas of the body. The common medical definition of metastasis is: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called â€Å"secondary tumors† and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. This definition could be the reason why early treatment of a primary tumor is ineffective against metastatic tumor cells. As the definition suggests, the accepted model for the metastasis of tumor cells is through clonal evolution, where secondary tumors have similar genomes to the primary tumor. Recent studies suggest, however, that this may not be accurate. Significant divergence between primary and secondary tumors in renal cell metastases and breast metastases has been discovered in recent studies. An alternative model, one of a parallel evolution, would explain why therapies aimed at primary tumors are unsuccessful against metastatic cells. Further research on this alternative model could lead to therapies that not only target the properties of the primary tumor but also those of the secondary tumor and save many from the burden of fighting cancer again. Methods This study took 386 breast cancer patients and split them into two groups. M0, patients showing cells with no metastasis, and M1 patients, those that showed metastasis and performed a genomic analysis, or comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) of the Cytokeratin... ... tumor cells that could potentially disseminate, mutate, change, and grow into another tumor. More emphasis needs to be put on the development of disseminated cells because the changes in their growth cannot be reflected by the genomic data obtained from the primary tumor data; as a result, they can not be dealt with in the same manner. The main idea of this study is to underscore: "the need to validate potential cellular targets for adjuvant and systemic therapies on disseminated cancer cells directly"( Cancer Cell: July 2003). The paper that is being discussed is : Gray, J.W., Evidence emerges for early metastasis and parallel evolution of primary and metastatic tumors. Cancer Cell July 2003. Schmidt-Kittler, O. et al., From latent disseminated cells to overt metastasis: genetic analysis of systemic breast cancer progression. PNAS 100, 7734 (2003).

If You Need Love, Get A Puppy Essay

1. PCAOB describes professional skepticism as a general duty of care that needs to be applied by the auditor throughout the duration of the audit engagement. Professional skepticism involves the auditor having a clear and questioning mind regarding the assertions that are presented by management or other client personnel. The auditor is instructed to not take the words or data presented by management as sufficient and appropriate audit evidence but rather the auditor needs to thoroughly audit the evidence with a questioning mind to achieve reasonable assurance about the persuasiveness of the evidence. Skepticism is composed of three elements; auditor attributes, mindset and actions. The PCAOB instructs the auditor to always question evidence presented by the auditor for the probability of loss, fraud or financial misstatement. Will, the auditor, exercised professional skepticism in this case when it came to the mysterious cash ticket payments for the tickets on 11/16. Having been friends with Jessica, Will needed to exhibit a higher level of skepticism. When Jessica produced the deposit slip for the $320 ticket and asserted that the deposit slip had probably fallen in between two cabinets in the vault, Will had the opportunity of taking Jessica’s assertion as sufficient and appropriate evidence but rather decided to investigate further and noticed that the year on the bills was different than the year of the ticket and that the ink on the deposit slip was different. Will then widened the sample size to see if this was a singularity or evidence of an ongoing issue/fraud. The two main conditions that could have affected his skepticism were his relationship with the process owner he was auditing and the materiality levels set forth for the audit. Jessica Randle, the wife of Will’s best friend, was the process owner for the area Will was currently auditing. This presents an issue in that skepticism can sometimes be influenced by the relationships auditors have made with the people they are auditing. An auditor is more likely to believe the assertions made by someone they know and trust, and this directly hinders on their skepticism. Will might also  have decided to not pursue further with his investigation of cash deposits that are missing their deposit slip due to the amounts ($320), being below the materiality threshold of $5,000. This, coupled with the fact that he felt as if he was irritating his superiors by asking many questions might have caused Will to simply abandon further investigating the area. If Will had not been exercising professional skepticism, he would simply have taken Jessica’s assertion as to why the deposit slip was missing as sufficient and appropriate evidence and moved on with another audit area. Jessica would have never gotten caught, and the fraud might have continued. 2. The Generally Accepted Auditing Standards require that the auditor must maintain independence in mental attitude in all matters relating to the audit. There are two types of independence that are required of auditors. Independence in appearance relates to others’ perceptions of auditors’ independence. It is of the utmost importance that users of the financial statements believe that the auditor is independent. For instance, if an auditor were to own even one share in a company that he or she was auditing, third party users would likely see that auditor as lacking independence even if the auditor was truly unbiased and considered that share irrelevant. The Code of Professional Conduct addresses the issue of personal client relationships. The familiarity threat states that auditors â€Å"having a close or long standing relationship with an attest client or knowing individuals or entities (including by reputation) who performed nonattest services for the client† lack independence. Part e. of this section states that a member of the attest engagement team whose close friend is in a key position is unallowed. Will’s independence in this case was questionable. His best friend’s wife, Jessica, worked for the client, but she did not hold a key position. Will’s independence in fact may be perceived differently by different users. However, Will’s independence in mind seemed to be impaired in this case. He was clearly uncomfortable accusing his best friend’s wife of fraud. Some cases may exist where auditors in similar situations were so uncomfortable that they looked the other way. The factor that plays the greatest role in determining auditor independence  is independence in mind. Auditors may or may not appear to be independent, but if the auditor is truly independent in mind, then the auditor can remain objective and unbiased. The profession should consider tightening the Code of Professional Conduct to address the issue of an audit team member knowing a close friend that holds any position at the audit client. If this scenario arises, the firm can still audit the client, but the audit member with the close relationship won’t be able to be on the audit team. 3. The evidence in the case is presented in a manner that leads to a stronger refute to Jessica’s claim that the money had fallen between the cabinets as opposed to supporting her claim. The evidence that would lead to support her claim would be her statement that there could be several explanations as to why the ticket was missing. She originally suggested that the ticket most likely was included with the other cash. After finding the ticket, Jessica states a story of what must have happened was that the assistant clerks were working late one night and must have decided to include the deposit with the following day’s bank deposit. Thus, when the ticket was missing, no one noticed. All of these explanations mentioned are all responses to inquiries of client. This type of evidence is not conclusive and could be biased in the client’s favor; hence, why this is the only evidence that is in favor of Jessica’s statement. When Will went back to his desk and counted the money he made sure the money on the slip was all there, $320, which is way under the set amount of $5,000 for materiality on the job. However, he noticed that the bills were crisp and has been printed in 2006. He checked this back to the bank deposit slip where he reconfirmed that the deposit was dated November 16, 2005. He then traced it back to the cash receipt to find that it was indeed recorded on November 16, 2005. This document tracing is important evidence that clearly shows a discrepancy in the documentation which lead to the first real line of evidence towards fraud. Another discrepancy that caught Will’s eye was the entry in the in receipt book was recorded in black ink while the writing on the envelope was in blue ink. Although this is not a strong form of evidence, it is enough to bring into question the evidence that has been traced back to recorded items. 4. Effective controls that if installed would have prevented or detected this theft include: Segregation of Duties (SoDs) and Daily payment and bank deposit reconciliations. The first area of controls deals with the Receipt books and proper SoDs. The recipient of cash payments should be different from the individual that records that cash payments into the Sheriff’s computer records as paid. The other control deals with reconciliations. The morning after the daily payment vouchers are processed and deposited, a reconciliation by someone who was not a recipient of cash payments the previous day needs to be done to reconcile that the total amount deposited into the bank matches the bank statement of amounts deposited by check, cash and money order. A monthly reconciliation needs to be performed for all payments done by credit card. 5. After Will presented Vince with the evidence that he has found after Jessica showed him the missing deposit slip along with the cash, the two decided to test eight more cash paid tickets. When five of the eight tickets were also not included in the bank deposit of the day, Will and Vince decided to have a meeting to discuss how they were going to proceed. With the evidence leading to fraudulent activity, the auditors could have decided to proceed in one of two ways. The first being to assess the level of materiality and decide if the amounts were immaterial, and if so they could leave the report as is. The other route the auditors could take is to further examine revenue, specifically the tickets paid in cash. If the decision is to proceed even further with the audit, there are multiple steps the auditors would take to reach reasonable assurance. First, they could examine internal controls to see if there was any other person who could have been using Jessica’s name as a cover up, for she was not the only assistant Clerk of Court. Next, they could examine every cash transaction for 2006, and if the trend continues, examine through previous years. Along with further testing of the transactions, the auditors would be conscious of the level of materiality. The auditors could even go to the extent of checking the bank statements to verify that the cash tickets aren’t being put with other cash deposits in the department. Ultimately, the auditors would have to contact the sheriff and police department to report  their findings. In this case, the auditors may have decided to: 6. In pursuing the matter, Will faced a number of pressures. At first he was concerned because Jessica was his best friend’s wife and he did not feel comfortable working in the situation. But Vince Huston, the partner that he had usually worked with assured him that knowing Jessica may not be such a bad thing. When Will was completing the audit and found that a cash receipt had not been deposited, he did not want to believe that Jessica was responsible so he double-checked his work and then he asked her about it. After receiving the bank deposit from Jessica, he was still skeptical because he had noticed a few minor things. The pen ink was two different colors in the receipt book and on the envelope. And then he noticed that it is impossible for a 2005 cash receipt to be paid for with a bill marked 2006. Will asked Jessica about the matter but she brushed it off and he was forced to report what he found out to Vince. In dealing with the misappropriation of assets of fraudulent financial reporting, auditors are to maintain professional skepticism throughout the engagement. This is because fraud is often committed by a person that the auditor least expects. In this case, it was Jessica. Will maintained his professional skepticism and did not let the fact that Jessica is his best friend’s wife affect his work. Auditors, in general, must also be aware of the basics of fraud awareness. Auditors should be able to notice any signs or signals of fraud and then be able to trace the documents back to anything that may help to uncover fraudulent activity. 7. When most people make ethical decisions, one of the things they do is try to find alternatives to the problem or situation and ask themselves what the consequences of those alternatives would be. In Will’s situation, after finding out that Jess was involved in misappropriating the cash associated with the ticket he had the options of letting what he had found out slide because Jess was his best friend’s wife, or confronting her about the situation and reporting her or letting her report herself. Ignoring the obvious signs that Jess was stealing money would only lead to her continuing to steal more money. The auditor would be putting their career in jeopardy and it would be highly unethical of any auditor to act in this way because they have a responsibility to maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit process. The other alternatives of reporting Jessica or letting her report herself to the authorities would be the right and ethical alternative to the situation. The consequences would be pretty much the same as they had turned out. Consequences for reporting Jess would be what they turned out to be. She would get punished for her crimes and on a more personal level, reporting her would lead to Will losing his best friend.

A Picatrix Miscellany - 52019 Words

A PicA Trix MiscellAny Underground Edition 2007 e.v. CONTENTS On the Picatrix I. Introduction to the Picatrix (The Aim of the Sage) of al-Majriti, Maslamati ibn Ahmad II. Summary of the Contents of the Picatrix III. Excerpt from a Lecture on Alchemy by Terence McKenna On the Moon and the Lunar Mansions IV. Extracts on the Moon V. The Mansions of the Moon: â€Å"On the Creation, Proportion and Composition of the Heavens for the Fashioning of Images† VI. The Picatrix: Lunar Mansions in Western Astrology VII. W. B. Yeats and â€Å"A Vision:† The Arab Mansions of the Moon On Ritual and Talismans Picatrix Astrological Magic Aphorisms Extracts on Planetary Ritual Clothing Twenty Two Benefic Astrological Talismans Astrology, Magical Talismans and†¦show more content†¦A glance at the table of contents is enough to show that the sequence of chapters is erratic and closer inspection reveals that the scope of individual chapters is far wider than appears at first sight. Philosophic doctrines (which, according to the author, are the basis of the talismanic art), theory of magic, astronomical, astrological and physical lore, extensive directions for the practice of the art, and accounts of the peoples by whom it is employed are jumbled together throughout the book, with no discernible guiding principle. If a systematic arrangement is anywhere perceptible, it is in the astrological and astronomical material, though even this is far from selfcontained or methodically ordered. Subjects which belong together are separated (e.g., the geographical sections on pp.171 ff. and 394 ff.), long, discursive definitions, appearing in unexpected places, further break the sequence (e.g., pp.78 and 343)-. and there is a great deal more to make the reader’s task more difficult. This manner of writing may well be intentional, whether to make the magical sections appear less suspect by interlarding them with theoretical passages, or to make certain doctrines seem less strange by administering them in small doses, or to demon strate the equal validity of the magical and philosophical material, or for a combination of all three reasons. At all events, a similar method of

The Degree Of Mba Degree - 1491 Words

There is controversy in the added value a student gets out of a degree in Masters of Business Administration (MBA). Experts outside of the field argue that the MBA degree program provides courses for students, but that the courses are not teaching the students skills that they need for the field. Chris Roebuck says that MBA School graduates â€Å"educated bad leaders,†(62). Jeffrey Pfeffer; a professor of organizational behavior says that not all successful business leaders have an MBA degree (12). Supporting professor Pfeffer, Charles Haddad mentions that successful businessmen have made a career without a degree in MBA. For example, Bill Gates and Ted Turner say they didn’t bother with the degree because over a span of years the degree lessens in value (12). Attaining an MBA degree has better benefits than those who don’t because a degree ensures that you are qualified and skillful in doing your job. Having an MBA degree enhances management practice becaus e it gives you tools that prepare you for the field, a broader perspective on how business is run, and enriches your learning experience by networking with peers of various disciplines. MBA programs are designed to prepare, and enhance managers for difficulties they might find in the field. Having an MBA gives the manager a broader perspective on the business as a whole, and allows more strategic decisions that will ultimately impact the bottom line. â€Å"Studies suggest that for most managers, the MBA program was seen toShow MoreRelatedMba Vs. Ms Degree1071 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion a lot: What is the difference between an MBA and an MS Degree? Should I go for a Master of Science or MBA (Master of Business Administration)? And that s why I m writing this article. 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Essay about The Inversion of Buddhism in Heart of Darkness

The Inversion of Buddhism in Heart of Darkness In Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, Marlow is described more than once as sitting in the pose of a Buddha while he begins his story. Even our first view of Marlow prepares us for the later comparison: Marlow sat cross-legged... He had sunken cheeks, a yellow complexion, a strait back, an ascetic aspect, and, with his arms dropped, the palms of hands outwards, resembled an idol (16). This is the very image of a meditating Buddha. Our suspicions are confirmed that Conrad is indeed making reference to the Buddha as he describes the pose of the Buddha of Compassion-- note the hand raised in blessing: Mind, he began again, lifting one arm from the elbow, the palm of the hand†¦show more content†¦Sidharthas search first brought him to the forests where the ascetics meditated and practiced self-mortification having left all worldly possessions behind. Marlows account of the natives beneath the tree could easily have been what Sidhartha saw there: Black shapes crouched, lay, sat, between the trees, leaning against the trunks, clinging to the earth, half coming out, half effaced within the dim light, in all the attitudes of pain, abandonment and despair. . . . They were dying slowly . . . These moribund shapes were free as air-- and nearly as thin. (34-35) Seeking this very freedom, Sidhartha joins the ascetics while Marlow soon joins the accountant who is in such an unexpected elegance of get-up that in the first moment I took him for a sort of vision (36). The description of the accountant immediately following that of the dying natives emphasizes the contrast and reinforces the idea that the path of Sidhartha is not the path of Marlow. The accountant brought with him into the forest all the material trappings of society that ascetics went into the forest to avoid. Likewise, Marlows traveling companion to the central station is rather too fleshy (39) and often faints, requiring Marlow to shade him until he comes to. When asked what brought him there he replies To make money, of course (40), precisely the opposite goal of an ascetic. Sidhartha remains with the ascetics until he

How Family Intervention Works in the Social System Free Essays

Intervention is a designed interaction with an individual who may be reliant on one or more psychoactive matters, with the goal of making a complete assessment, overcoming refusal, intruding drug-taking actions, or bringing to the mind of an individual to initiate therapy or remedy. The favored procedure is to hand over information concerning psychoactive substance utilize in a thoughtful or gentle, realistic and understandable manner. (ASAM, 1998) There are times when we have a family member or relative, a co-worker, or a friend who has a dilemma on drug or alcohol abuse but he/she does not want to admit it. We will write a custom essay sample on How Family Intervention Works in the Social System or any similar topic only for you Order Now And in reality, they do need help. However, we do not know how to begin, where and when. One thing can be a good help with this quandary. This is what you called intervention. An intervention is a meeting that is well-planned and coordinated properly. Interventions, which can be family intervention or crisis intervention, are a verified process that has helped number of friends and families crash the â€Å"Barrier of Denial† that besieges a person who is covering up or refusing to admit their alcohol or drug abuse, for an instance. The term â€Å"raising the bottom† has frequently been used to explain or illustrate the intervention process. Someone can be prevented from suffering their behaviors’ unavoidable consequences later through this process. This is achieved by bringing the actuality of the situation into effect at this time. By far, the most successful way of carrying out an intervention is a professionally handled intervention. An intervention is the greatest way in helping or assisting someone who ignores to see the impact of their use of drug or alcohol on themselves and on the people around them. By taking action, you can infiltrate or give them the support that they so badly call for, whether it is a relative or anyone you care about. (â€Å"Family Intervention Information†) Family Intervention is particular type of intervention, which involves family members or relatives of an alcoholic or addict, intended to do good to the patient a well as the family group. Of course, as the term implies, the population best served by this intervention are the families. It is important to give family bonds much concern since they are the basic units of the society. (ASAM, 1998) One model for family intervention is the AIR Model for Interventions. This model of intervention is developed on the perception of Carefrontation. In addition, it also overlaps with the principal features of the Family Systems and the Johnson Institute intervention models. The Carefrontation model was established by James Fearing, Ph.D., acknowledged as America’s Crisis Doctor.   This model is an individualized procedure of modifying family dynamics and relationships in order to discontinue the cycle of addiction, take the system out of crises, and efficiently deal with a person’s addiction. (â€Å"AIR Model for Interventions â€Å", 2006) To understand totally how addiction has an effect on the system that encircles an addict, take the mobile as an example. Each piece of a mobile links to and depends upon the others for steadiness and stability. When you draw one component and every element moves in return accordingly, the mobile operates properly. The mobile stops to function when you applied energy to one part and nothing happens. (â€Å"AIR Model for Interventions â€Å", 2006) The people around the individual work much like a busted mobile when there is an existing addiction within a family. Great effort is applied to make a difference in an obsessed individual. Still, they get no avail unexpectedly. On the other hand, when the collective pieces of the mobile are moved or put in motion, those encircle the alcoholic or addict person can move about from their conventional places or positions. This is done by means of the intervention process.   Then, the obstinate piece will be enforced to change his or her actions. (â€Å"AIR Model for Interventions â€Å", 2006) The AIR model of intervention has two declared objectives: 1) To shift the system around the addicted individual out of the disarray and predicament created by addiction; and 2) To bring about help accessible to the individual. By directing our concentration on the organization surrounding the individual, and operating with them to make alterations in their response to addiction, we transform the organization separate of his or her choice to ask and receive help. (â€Å"AIR Model for Interventions â€Å", 2006) Immediately, AIR responds to appeals for help. The emotional pain and distress of people close to the addicted individual can be tremendous. That is why family and workplace predicaments are considered as emergencies. The sooner an intervention program instigates, the sooner that system will face relief.(â€Å"AIR Model for Interventions â€Å", 2006) A successful and effective intervention normally consists of the following components or mechanisms: A small but enthusiastic group of family members and familiar friends merge together with the common target of getting the involved party into medication Converse with and then take into service a professional interventionist to assist in making this very sensitive process possible Once on the project, the professional interventionist aids the group find the respectable treatment center for the individual   Make the compulsory arrangements to get the person admitted to the chosen treatment program Prepare the place and time to do the intervention Talk about and then write what each partaking person will say during the intervention Delineate what consequences will be pointed against the concerned individual should they will not agree to go to rehabilitation Create arrangements for the involved person to go to drug abuse medication right away upon their approving to get help. (â€Å"Family Intervention Information†) Family interventions have strengths and weaknesses. Let us first enumerate its strong points. Family intervention is the kindest and most caring and affectionate family and friends can do. It is appropriate at anytime person needs assistance but does not want to receive one. Also, it can be applied in people with any self-destructive actions. This can be alcohol or drug abuse or addiction, eating disorders, gambling and sex addiction, computer addiction, and even an elder who needs living assistance. How to cite How Family Intervention Works in the Social System, Essays

International Management Political Attitudes and Democracy

Question: Discuss about the International Management: Political Attitudes and Democracy. Answer: 1. The top five biggest management challenges that the international management firms face are as follows, Attracting and developing the new clients It has been seen that 72% of all the professional services actually cite generating new business to be their most prioritized challenge (McFarlin Sweeney, 2014). In management consulting world, the new business need is noted over three times more the respondents than the challenge which is second highest. Dealing with competitive marketplace or difficult economy The competitive pressure signs are been echoed in the challenge of the second business which is named just above 25% respondents in the industry of management consulting. It has been seen that the competition has heated up as several international companies have increased their efforts (Ruigrok Van Tulder, 2013). Many firms are continuing to look for other opportunity in the economic sluggishness. Finding and keeping the good people Searching and retention of the best people has become a major challenge for the management firms. To fight for the best talent has always been a challenge to business. Innovating new ideas The companies have focused to innovate at higher level than other industries (Cavusgil et al., 2014). For staying competitive, the companies should show their expertise and thought process. Strategic issues Coordination of all the activities starting from developing new client to continuous innovation is a key concern for the firms. For contending pressures, the companies should make efficient approaches in their strategy through effective utilization of available resources which is a major challenge. The international firms should hire qualified professionals who will make promotional strategies to attract and develop new clients. The firms should make rigorous market research to understand the exact condition for dealing the economy (Galliers Leidner, 2014). The company should keep expert HR people who will recruit dedicated professionals and provide good monetary and non monetary facilities to retain them. The firms should idealize those companies who have given innovative ideas and are able to mitigate strategic issues. 2. The two forms of political risks are the macro and micro level political risks. The political risks of macro level affects a countrys all participants. The local, regional and national events of politics often mean that events at local levels have the follow on effects for the macro level stakeholders. It includes actions of government currency, changes in regulation, declarations of war (Pastor Veronesi, 2013). It also affects the companies who are been operating in the nations and the result of the political risk of macro level are like the confiscation which causes the business propertys seize. The political risks in the micro level are risks which are project specific. These risks are more in local business favor rather than the international organizations that operate in the nation. The process of risk includes the government review committee, which is project specific on the United States Foreign Investment, the project, assets nationalization, and the dangerous politically strong local partners selection (Almond Verba, 2013). The risk is also relevant for the decision making of government project where the initiatives can be complicated due to the risk result. The four steps that the firms should take to deal with the risks are as follows, Identification of the risks. Measuring the exposure Mitigation of the risks. Monitoring the risks (Giuliani Macchi, 2014). 3. In the multinational companies, if abuses regarding human rights take place in the foreign countries, then the management board will make discussion with the foreign government so that they will take remedial actions for mitigation of such evil practices. The directors of the companies should make a consultation with the government authorities to make legislations in favor of human rights that if someone in the company does such activities will be strictly penalized and terminated without any delay (Ruggie, 2014). The government should support them in further the further trial of the convicted. The companies should not opt for the attempt of giving bribery to the foreign government as it is an unethical means of practice and will be risky of the government treats it to be an offensive activity. They can think of inducing such attempts of the government allows such practice such as Brazil. The other questionable practices can be counseling the employee who has made the human right abuse or making a compromise between the employee who has abused and the one who has suffered (Wetzel, 2016). A further questionable practice can be providing money to the abused as compensation so that he will withdraw his complains for a peaceful settlement. The companies should involve themselves in case of human right abuse to the fullest extent as the mishap take place in between their employees. They should remain engaged until coming to a justified solution. They should remain involved in providing solutions to the human right abuse from top to bottom, as it is their prime corporate social responsibility (Samovar et al., 2014). They should remain involved to maintain a clean and peaceful corporate life with security to their employees. 4. The effect of cultural context in cross-cultural interactions is all about the cultural difference that takes place between the people while communicating each other, which can hurt each others sentiments (Peretz, 2013). Each person actually represents their cultural value while interacting with the others. If there is a cultural difference between the persons who are making business negotiations then there will be an impact in both of the persons mind. It can be possible in case of meetings or can be in the firms human practices as a whole. For an example, of a business negotiation takes place in a meeting between two persons belonging from Australia and France then a cultural difference lies between them (Medved et al., 2013). The official language Australia is English whereas of France, its French. If the employee of Australia speaks to the French employee in English language then it can hurt the sentiments of the French as there is no such space for him to communicate in French. Therefore, the French can have a barrier in accepting the opinions of the Australian employee. In case of an Australia based company having their branch office at France, there is a high chance that employees working in the office are French. But as per the rules in the head office, there is rule imposed by the HR authority to use English language in the branch office at France (Ting-Toomey Chung, 2012). This can also hurt the sentiments of the French employees working in the branch as they are unable to communicate in their mother tongue though working in their native land. 5. The spoken communication presents challenges to the non-native communicators for the following reasons, The accent of the language in which they are communicating is different and is not properly understood in the both end. Communicators in the both end may use different language as their mother tongue which can create a huge barrier for communication (Vaara et al., 2012). The formal speeches used in one end during communication may not be a practice of the other, which can hurt the sentiments of the first one. The written communication presents challenges for the causes given below, Various nations use various forms of same language while writing. For an instance, the formalities used in writing English in UK is not acceptable to the people in US as they dont prefer formal English but like to write the language in casual way (Goetsch Davis, 2014). Such casual writing may hurt the sentiments of the people of UK. Moreover, Shakespeare English used in France is not properly understandable by the people in Asian countries. Natives using different languages as mother tongue face difficulties while communicating through a common language in written if they dont have enough knowledge in that language (Cummings Worley, 2014). The other side may not understand such written standards. 6. The conflicts or misunderstandings in cross culture may take place in case if there are differences in culture. The causes of cultural conflict in the international management are as follows, The conflict or misunderstandings that take place between the religious or ethnic groups or different natives. The ignorance in culture and the case of insensitivity that exists in organizations. People have lack of awareness in different societal lifestyle practices (Rothaermel, 2015). People have different cultural practice. People have differences in perception of illness and its treatment. There is a miscommunication and misinterpretation among the people regarding concepts of cultural practices (Terpstra, Foley Sarathy, 2012). People who belong to different nations have different cultural views. If they work with each other in a company then chances are there for differences between them. Several nations have their own personal religions, which can make people to get involved in cultural conflict. People who belong to different cultural practices if dont have ample respect to each other can pass comments which can eventually hurt others sentiment (Antras, 2014). Their procedure of work can be different which can be misinterpreted or misunderstood by the others. 7. The five steps in the process of the development of international strategy for a company are as follows, Analyzing the strength and weakness of the company regarding growth in the international level The analysis is done for the preparation of the objective presentation as per the capabilities of the company regarding international growth (Banks, 2015). The issue is the analyzing the companys present products competitive advantage. Analyzing the position and strength of the competitors A proper identification of the companys competitors should be done along with their line of products. A rigorous analysis should be done on their weakness and strengths (Antras, 2014). A requirement is there for the information stating how the competitors have made penetration in the markets abroad. Selecting the markets which are been targeted The necessary screening can provide result in the prospective nations for which the potential of the market has been estimated roughly (Rothaermel, 2015). There should be an inclusion of the specific parameters of the market, which can turn the products for decision making and evaluation purpose. Selecting the modes for entry The mode for entering the target market can be selected on the basis of marketing and financial risk, the financial return to be expected in relation to cost, desired management controls degree. Deciding the strategy of international business at the workshop of the top management The management of top level will make the evaluation for the options of varieties (Cummings Worley, 2014). They will take the decision on the issues regarding strategy of desired business for the growth in international level. 8. The advantages and disadvantages of the foreign market entry options are as follows, Advantages There is feedback of good information from the target market, which makes the development of better relationships with the buyers (Goetsch Davis, 2014). A controlling of foreign market selection is there which will make a choice for the companies representing abroad nations. A better protection is there in case of the patents, trademarks, goodwill and the property, which was intangible (Vaara et al., 2012). It is realized that the market has the potentiality to have a greater sales and profit, which is a kind of indirect exporting. Disadvantages In case of foreign market entry, a greater requirement of information always becomes existent. There is a requirement of investments, which are higher in case of resources, time and personnel (Ting-Toomey Chung, 2012). There is higher risks and higher costs for start up of business which is opposed to the exporting in indirect mode. There are also a chance of longer time-to-market which is opposed to the indirect export business. 9. The pros and cons associated with the various organizational structure in the international management firms are as follows, Pros The structures are cost efficient (Medved et al., 2013). It makes promotion of making faster decisions. It provides a communication, which is clear. It has a requirement of supervision and less dominance (Peretz, 2013). Cons A sharp chance lies there that the management can loose their control. There can be a struggling effort between work and relationship. A creation of power struggle can take place. It makes the retention of the employee to be difficult (Samovar et al., 2014). It can make a hindrance of the growth. A lesser amount of motivation can take place. It can make results for the confusion of roles. 10. The difficulties that are been faced by the multinationals with regard to the issues of cross cultural leadership are as follows, Understanding the difference in peoples behavior from expectation The behavior of common people is their values expression that they manage people from other culture. They have to understand their behavior (Wetzel, 2016). Development of a proper understanding is one of the biggest challenging task that the managers are facing. Avoiding to get frustrated and angry A rigorous comparison is always been made in case of the behavior of the people with values and norms. If there is a sense of behavior to accept then it will be accepted otherwise it will be rejected (Ruggie, 2014). Such rejection tends to hostility and frustration towards the behavior of employee. Providing motivation to a team, which is culturally diversified Motivation has a close relation to culture. A factor that is motivating in one culture can be de-motivating to the other. Achieving the efficiency of desired level It is difficult for reaching the desired efficiency level in a team having cultural variations as maximum time gets spent to sort out the misunderstandings or setting the expectations and making all person for pursuing the same goals (Giuliani Macchi, 2014). Lack of training to manage a team of cultural diversification The managers of cross culture can have the feeling they require for managing tools and leading a team which is culturally diversified. 11. The problems associated with evaluation of employee performance are as follows, Bias of the rater. Influence of the events that occurred recently. Make a rating in the middle. Make a focus in the negative side. Surprises, which are unwanted (Almond Verba, 2015). Infrequent feedback. Improper assessment of the actual performance. Assessment done without data. Lack of accountability. The problems are been complicated by international settings through following ways, Lack of understanding of the international performance management. Inability to analyze the areas on the basis of skills and other traits for appraisal in the international level (Pastor Veronesi, 2013). Lack of understanding of the conflicting role expectation from organizational groups of diversified culture. Analyzing appraiser varieties in international level of performance appraisal and determination of who will make the appraisal (Galliers Leidner, 2014). 12. The advantages associated with cultural diversity in groups are as follows, The gender and racial diversity are found for positively contributing to sales, profits and customers. The racial diversity can make an influence on the market share (Cavusgil et al., 2014). The companies can increase their creativity through encouragement of diversified opinions and perspectives. The disadvantages are, The company that makes recruitment and makes employment of diversified workforce should create a culture promoting respect and dignity for avoiding the tension between the employees. There will be an adverse effect in communication if the first language of the employee is not English (Ruigrok Van Tulder, 2013). The existing employees will leave the organization if there is a prevention of their personal prejudices from working with the colleagues having different background. While making investigation of the employee complaints for the negative attitudes can acquire a huge time of the management (McFarlin Sweeney, 2014). References Almond, G. A., Verba, S. (2015).The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton University Press. Antras, P. (2014). 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